Weight Management

1. Weight Management Chapter 9

2. National Institutes of Health • 66% of American adults are overweight • Including more than 33% of adult men and 35% of adult women are obese. • 2015 • 75% of adults will be overweight and 41% will be obese • 2030 • Estimated that the entire American adult population will be overweight or obese

3. Overweight and Obesity • Overweight = characterized by a body weight that falls above the range associated with minimum mortality; weighing 10% or more over recommended weight or having a BMI over 25 • Obesity = severely overweight, with an excess of body fat; weighing 20% or more over recommended weight or having a BMI over 30

4. Health Implications of Overweight and Obesity • More than 30% rise in Type 2 diabetes • 100,000+ premature deaths annually • Obesity is one of the six major controllable risk factors for heart disease • Weight loss of 5-10% in obese individuals can reduce the risk of certain diseases

5. Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Genetic Factors • Genetic factors influence body size and shape, body fat distribution, and metabolic rate • Genetic contribution to obesity is estimated at 25–40% • Hereditary influences must be balanced against contribution of environmental factors

6. Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Physiological Factors • Metabolism = sum of all vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body • Resting metabolic rate (RMR) = energy required to maintain vital body functions; the largest component of metabolism

7. Factors That Affect Metabolic Rate • RMR is higher in • Men • People with more muscle mass • People who exercise • RMR is lower in • Women • People who are sedentary • People who have lost weight

8. Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Physiological Factors • Hormones play a role in the accumulation of body fat; the hormone leptin is involved in the regulation of appetite and metabolic rate • Weight cycling, or yo-yo dieting

9. Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Lifestyle Factors • Eating—compared to the past, Americans now • Consume more calories • Consume more refined and simple carbohydrates • Eat out more often • People underestimate portion sizes

10. Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Lifestyle Factors • Physical activity levels have declined; on average, Americans spend: • 15 minutes per day exercising • 170 minutes per day watching television and movies • Psychosocial factors include eating as a means of coping and cultural and family influences

11. Activity Level and Risk of Obesity Data from Hu, F. B., et al. 2003. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(14): 1785–1791.

12. Diet and Eating Habits • Total calories—choose an appropriate energy intake for your activity level • Portion sizes—limit portions to those recommended by My Pyramid to help keep energy intake moderate; measure portions at home and read food labels • Energy (calorie) density—choose foods with a low energy density, meaning those that are relatively heavy but have few calories

13. Diet and Eating Habits • Fat calories—keep total fat intake moderate, and limit intake of saturated and trans fats • Carbohydrate—emphasize whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and other high-fiber foods; limit consumption of foods high in refined carbohydrates, added sugars, and easily digestible starch • Protein—meet recommended intake of 10–35% of total daily calories • Eating habits—eat meals and snacks on a regular schedule

14. Physical Activity and Exercise • Physical activity—increase daily physical activity to at least 30 minutes per day; to lose weight or maintain weight loss, 60–90 or more minutes per day is recommended • Exercise • Endurance exercise burns calories • Strength training builds muscle mass, which can increase metabolic rate

15. Approaches to Overcoming a Weight Problem • Doing it yourself • Diet books • Dietary supplements and diet aids • Weight-loss programs • Prescription drugs • Surgery • Psychological help

16. Surgery Adjustable gastric banding Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.videojug.com/interview/roux-en-y-gastric-bypass-2 http://www.videojug.com/interview/adjustable-gastric-banding-3

17. Body Image • Body image = the mental representation a person holds about her or his body • It consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions • Media images are linked to negative body image • Different cultures have different ideas of the “ideal” body type

18. Different Body Builds ENDOMORPHY MESOMORPHY ECTOMORPHY

19. BMI of Miss America Pageant Winners The data shows a steady decline in winners’ BMI from a range of 20–25 in the 1920s to below 18.5, considered undernutrition by WHO and represented by the horizontal line. SOURCE: Rubinstein, S., and B. Caballero. 2000. Is Miss America an undernourished role model? Journal of American Medical Association 283(21): 1569. Used with permission from the American Medical Association.

20. Severe Body Image Problems • Poor body image can cause psychological distress • Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) • Related to obsessive-compulsive disorder • Can lead to depression, social phobia, and suicide • Treated with medication and psychotherapy • Muscle dysmorphia= a disorder characterized by distorted body image; affected people inaccurately perceive themselves as small, with underdeveloped muscles

21. Body Image • Knowing when the limits to healthy change have been reached. • Knowing the unrealistic cultural ideal. • Acceptance and change • Knowing what is a healthy lifestyle change 21 http://www.videojug.com/interview/understanding-body-dysmorphic-disorder-2

22. Body Image • Dissatisfaction with weight and shape is common in people with eating disorders

23. Eating Disorders • Eating disorder = a serious disturbance in eating pattern or behavior, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat • Major types • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder

24. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa- Failure to eat enough food… • Affects 3 million people – 95% are female • Typically develops between the ages of 12 and 18 • Characteristics • Fear gaining weight. • Distorted self-image. • Compulsive behaviors and rituals. • Excessive exercise • Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa • Stop menstruation • Intolerant of cold • Low blood pressure and heart rate • Dry skin • Hands and feet may swell and take on a blue tinge • Depression and suicide • Medical complications • Disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems 24 http://www.videojug.com/interview/dangers-of-anorexia-2

25. Eating Disorders • Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging. • Begins in adolescence or young adulthood • Increasingly younger (11-12 years) and older (40-60 years) ages. • Characteristics: • Rapidly consumes food, then purges. • Done in secret. • After a binge - feels ashamed, disgusted and physically and emotional drained. • Health Risks: • Erodes tooth enamel • Deficient calorie intake • Liver and kidney damage • Cardiac arrhythmia • Chronic hoarseness • Esophageal tearing • Rupture of the stomach • Menstrual problems • Increased depression 25 http://www.videojug.com/interview/physical-dangers-of-bulimia-2

26. Eating Disorders • Binge-Eating - Similar to Bulimia except no Purging behavior. • Eating patterns - very rapid, eating until uncomfortably full. • Often eat as a way of coping. • Likely to be obese. • High rates of depression and anxiety 26

27. Treating Eating Disorders • Must address both problematic eating behaviors and the misuse of food to manage stress and emotions • Averting a medical crisis • Dealing with psychological aspects • Stabilizing eating habits • Changing behavior patterns and thoughts • Possibly involving medication and/or hospitalization

28. Energy Balance

29. Connect Worksheet Assignment Chapter 9 Connect Worksheet is due on Monday, November 5th, no later than 11:59PM.