http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn08/rooster.cfm

1. http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn08/rooster.cfmhttp://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn08/rooster.cfm

6. http://www.baseballbeforeweknewit.com/illustrations.php A Pretty Little Pocket Book, 1744

7. Alexander’s Amusements, 1820

8. Good Examples for Boys, 1823

9. First Known “Baseball Card” ca. 1833s

10. McGuffey Reader, 1844 edition

11. New York Knickerbockers, 1845

12. Knickerbocker rules • SECTION 1. The bases shall be from "home" to second base 42 paces; from first to third base 42 paces equidistant.SECTION 2. The game to consist of 21 counts or aces, but at the conclusion an equal number of hands must be played.SECTION 3. The ball must be pitched and not thrown for the bat.SECTION 4. A ball knocked outside the range of the first or third base is foul.SECTION 5. Three balls being struck at and missed, and the last one caught, is a hand out; if not caught, is considered fair, and the striker bound to run.SECTION 6. A ball being struck or tipped, and caught either flying or on the first bound, is a hand out.SECTION 7. A player, running the bases, shall be out, if the ball is in the hands of an adversary on the base, as the runner is touched by it before he makes his base-it being under- stood, however, that in no instance is a ball to be thrown at him.SECTION 8. A player running, who shall prevent an adversary from catching or getting the ball before making his base, is a hand out.SECTION 9. If two hands are already out, a player running home at the time a ball is struck, can not make an ace if the striker is caught out.SECTION 10. Three hands out, all out.SECTION 11. Players must take their strike in regular turn.SECTION 12. No ace or base can be made on a foul strike.SECTION 13. A runner can not be put out in making one base, when a balk is made by the pitcher.SECTION 14. But one base allowed when the ball bounds out of the field when struck. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/rule11.shtml

13. Evolution of Rules 1850s-1860: no gloves, no balls, strikes only in swinging, pitcher underhand, catch on one bounce an out 1860s-1870s: catch on the fly, pitcher becomes more important, gradual emergence of balls and strikes (if hittable) 1880s gloves, overhand pitching, strike zone, umps as major part of the game 1890s fouls as strikes, spitballs

14. http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Cartoon_Corner/index3.asp?ID=97&TypeID=1http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Cartoon_Corner/index3.asp?ID=97&TypeID=1

19. Evolution of the professional game National Association of Base Ball Players first “league” grew from 25 teams in 1850s to 1000 by 1869 1869 Redstockings tour the nation: win 57 straight—manager Harry Wright moves them to Boston 1871 National Association of Professional Baseball Players first all professional team William Hulbert 1876 forms National league 1881 rival leagues: American Association 1882 Hulbert dies; Albert G. Spalding takes over Gradual restrction of players movements: salaries controlled—drop from average of 2,000 to 100 players expelled, and more and more players “reserved” (could not move to other teams. 1887 reserve rule applied to all players 1890 Players revolt; Players League formed, but driven out of business; American Association also folds in 1892; • Western league taken over by Ban Johnson • Forms American League • American league declares itself a “major league” 1903 First “World Series”

20. Early characteristics of baseball as an enterprise • division of business based on territory • league survival depended on strength of local teams—power might have gone to players BUT instead to owners: politics and developers. • Economic/legal/political climate favoring consolidation, rights of “capital” rather than labor. Early professionals—working class, more immigrant—but then turn to middle class respectability

27. Moses Fleetwood Walker on the University of Michigan Team, 1882 and as a Toledo Bluestockings (1883)