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Rock Cycle

Dive into the intricate world of the rock cycle, from magma formation to sedimentary rock development and metamorphism. Learn about the classification of igneous rocks based on texture and mineral content, as well as the unique properties of granitic and basaltic rocks. Explore the process of sedimentary rock formation and how it provides crucial insights into Earth's history. Delve into the classification of sedimentary rocks into detrital and chemical groups. Unravel the complexities and interrelations of Earth's rock types in this informative journey.

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Rock Cycle

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  1. Rock Cycle • Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types • Earth as a system: the rock cycle • Magma • Crystallization • Igneous rock • Weathering, transportation, and deposition

  2. Rock Cycle • Earth as a system: the rock cycle • Sediment • Lithification • Sedimentary rock • Metamorphism • Metamorphic rock • Melting • Magma

  3. The Rock Cycle

  4. Igneous Rocks • Form as magma cools and crystallizes • Rocks formed inside Earth are called plutonic or intrusive rocks • Rocks formed on the surface • Formed from lava (a material similar to magma, but without gas • Called volcanic or extrusive rocks

  5. Igneous Rocks • Crystallization of magma • Ions are arranged into orderly patterns • Crystal size is determined by the rate of cooling • Slow rate forms large crystals • Fast rate forms microscopic crystals • Very fast rate forms glass

  6. Igneous Rocks • Classification is based on the rock’s texture and mineral constituents • Texture • Size and arrangement of crystals

  7. Igneous Rocks • Types of igneous textures • Fine-grained – fast rate of cooling • Coarse-grained – slow rate of cooling • Porphyritic (two crystal sizes) – two rates of cooling • Glassy – very fast rate of cooling • Vesicular – contains hole left by gas bubbles • Pyroclastic – fragmented; produced by consolidation of volcanic fragments

  8. Fine-Grained Igneous Texture

  9. Coarse-Grained Igneous Texture

  10. Porphyritic Igneous Texture

  11. Glassy Igneous Texture

  12. Vesicular Igneous Texture

  13. Pyroclastic Igneous Texture

  14. Bowen’s Reaction Series

  15. Classification of Igneous Rocks

  16. Igneous Rocks • Naming igneous rocks • Granitic rocks • Composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates – quartz and feldspar • Also referred to as felsic: feldspar and silica (quartz) • High silica content (about 70 percent) • Common rock is granite

  17. Granite and Granitic Rock

  18. Igneous Rocks • Naming igneous rocks • Basaltic rocks • Contain substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar • Also referred to as mafic: magnesium and ferrum (iron) • Common rock is basalt

  19. Basaltic Lava

  20. Igneous Rocks • Naming igneous rocks • Other compositional groups • Andesitic (or intermediate) • Ultramafic

  21. Sedimentary Rocks • Form from sediment (weathered products) • About 75 percent of all rock outcrops on the continents • Used to reconstruct much of Earth’s history • Clues to past environments • Provide information about sediment transport • Rocks often contain fossils

  22. Sedimentary Rocks • Classifying sedimentary rocks • Two groups based on the source of the material • Detrital • Chemical

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