Unit 3: Civil War and Reconstructions

1. Unit 3: Civil War and Reconstructions GPS 8-10

2. Friday, September 16, 2011 • Essential Question: What effect did the westward expansion have on the arguments leading up to the Civil War? • Standard: SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. • Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics, include the slave rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas and the Grimke sisters) • Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories.

3. Friday, September 16, 2011: Bell work • Who was Frederick Douglas?

4. Friday, September 16, 2011: Agenda • Bell work • Unpack standards • Video: America the Story of US

5. Monday, September 19, 2011 Essential Question: How did westward expansion contribute to the growing division between the north and south? Standard: SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Grimke sisters). Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and territories. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population growth.

6. Monday, September 19, 2011: Bell work • How did westward expansion contribute to the division of the north and south?

7. Monday, September 19, 2011: Agenda • Bell work • Chart: SSUSH8 • Video: Pierce and Polk

8. Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Essential Question: What major events caused the Civil War to ignite? SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

9. Tuesday, September 20, 2011 • Bell work • Explain the significance of the war with Mexico.

10. Tuesday, September 20, 2011 • Bell work • Notes: Events leading to the Civil War • Political Cartoon Activity • Create your own political cartoon

11. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois again raised the issue of slavery in 1854 – Illinois had 2 things to gain from the admittance of Kansas and Nebraska in the Union • Chicago would benefit from running a railroad through Kansas and Nebraska • Douglas wanted to be President – he needed support of Southern Democrats to win – they would object to admitting Kansas and Nebraska as free states • To win support of both, Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act – it supported the idea of popular sovereignty – the idea of letting the citizens of the state choose for themselves • Douglas wanted the Missouri Compromise repealed to do this • The bill passed, but Douglas turned out to be wrong about almost everything connected with it

12. Bleeding Kansas • John Brown was an abolitionist who believed that he was send by god to end slavery • On October 16, 1859, Brown led a band of 21 men, black and white, in a raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) • The aim was to seize the federal arsenal there and then distribute the weapons to slaves so they could start an uprising • No slaves joined the insurrection and eventually Brown and his men were captured by a detachment of Marines, led by Robert E. Lee – 8 men were killed in the process • Brown was convicted and hanged for treason – becoming a martyr for his cause for some

13. Election of 1856: • Democrats nominated James Buchanan • Supported the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Republicans nominated John C. Fremont • Declared that the federal government had the right to restrict slavery in the territories and called for the admission of Kansas as a free state. • Know-Nothings nominated Millard Fillmore (former President) • Buchanan won. He stated that the slavery issue was now “approaching its end.”

14. The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, an enslaved man living in Missouri, filed suit against his owner, arguing that because he and his wife had once lived in states and territories where slavery was illegal, they were free • In a 7 to 2 decision, the Supreme Court ruled against Scott in Dred Scott v. Sandford • The court ruled slaves were not citizens and had no right to sue in court and could not win freedom simply because they were once in a free territory or state • The Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional – all territories were open to slavery

15. Lincoln-Douglas Debate • Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas faced reelection in 1858 – his opponent was Abraham Lincoln • The two men were radically different • Douglas was short and stout and essentially a professional politician – he appeared regal • Lincoln came from humble roots, was tall, skinny, and awkward – he appeared more common • The 2 met in a series of debates known as a Lincoln-Douglas debates – they highlighted 2 important principles, majority rules and minority rights • Douglas believed that state members had the right to rule as they wished, including on the issue of slavery • Lincoln did not believe that a majority should have the right to rule over a minority’s basic rights • Douglas won the election

16. Lincoln’s Election • Before the election of 1860, it was clear that Northerners would not accept a Southern president and vice versa • At the Democratic Party convention in Charleston, the Northern and Southern delegates were unable to agree on a Presidential candidate – the divisive issue was slavery • Southern delegates met separately and nominated John C. Breckinridge • Northern delegates nominated Stephen Douglas • Moderate southerners from border states (DE, MD, KY, MO) met to form their own party, the Constitutional Union Party, and nominated John Bell of TN • The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln after rejecting their original candidate, William Seward, because they feared he was too extreme in his views on anti-slavery • The election proved that North and South were completely divided – there were no national parties • In the north, voters chose between Lincoln and Douglas • In the south, voters chose between Breckinridge and Bell (Lincoln’s name didn’t even appear on many southern ballots) • Lincoln won the election without winning a single electoral vote in the south

17. Election of 1860 Results

18. South Carolina Secedes • Southerners were outraged that Lincoln was elected without any southern electoral votes – the national government it seemed had passed out of their hands • Secessionists, or those who wanted the south to secede, argued that since the states voluntarily joined the U.S., they could also leave when they wanted • South Carolina officially left the union on December 20, 1860 • Six other Lower South states followed over the next few weeks • They created a new nation, the Confederate States of America • They elected Jefferson Davis, a former Senator from Mississippi, President

19. “A Premature Movement” • In this particular cartoon, titled "A Premature Movement," a disheveled and elderly John Brown, with rifle in hand, is encouraging an African American, most likely a slave, to take one of his pikes and follow him. The caption says, "Here! Take this and follow me. My name's Brown." The slave, labeled Cuffee in the caption, responds, "Praise God! Mr. Brown dat is impossible. We ain't done seedin' yit at our house." • http://randomthoughtsonhistory.blogspot.com/2010/04/john-brown-political-cartoon.html

20. Wednesday, September 21, 2011 Essential Question: What were the advantages and disadvantages of the north and south during the Civil War? Standard: SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

21. Wednesday, September 21: Bell work John C. Calhoun is best describe as • A southern hero and supporter of state’s rights • A southern hero who opposed state’s rights • A radical abolitionist • The first Southern president

22. Wednesday, September 21: Agenda • Bell work • Check home work • Notes: WAR!!! • Political Cartoon Activity

23. Fort Sumter • In his first inaugural address, President Lincoln spoke directly to the Southern states, saying that the power to avoid civil war was in their hands • Although South Carolina had succeeded from the Union, federal troops still occupied Fort Sumter, off the coast of Charleston • A federal supply ship sent to resupply the base in January had to turn back because Confederate forces fired on it and would not let the ship through • Lincoln wanted to resupply the fort, but refused to be responsible for starting the war • Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered Fort Sumter taken in April 1861 – the nation was at war

24. The Upper South Secedes • By firing on Fort Sumter, the South had committed a direct act of rebellion and Lincoln was forced to act • When he called for volunteers to fight the seceding states, the remaining southern states (VA, NC, TN, AR) saw this as an act of war and seceded

25. First Battle of Bull Run • General Irvin McDowell told Lincoln that it would take some time to get his troops ready to fight, but Lincoln ordered the army into action • The untrained Union army marched towards Manassas, VA – an important railroad junction south of DC • The Confederates were camped at a stream called Bull Run, 4 miles from Manassas • It took the Union army to march the 25 miles, giving the Confederate General Beauregard time to ready his troops and get reinforcements • The Confederate troops were able to hold the land, eventually forcing the Union troops to retreat • This was the first official battle of the Civil War, but was rather small in scale • This battle also made a legend out of Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

26. Preparing for War Northern Advantages Southern Advantages • An already established government • More people Northern pop. 21.5 million • Southern pop. 9 million • Twice as much railroad track • More factories – 110,100 in the North vs. 20,600 in the South • Most of the nation’s military colleges were in the South, so a majority of the nation’s trained officers were southern and sided with the South • Southern army only needed to defend its territory to win the war – they didn’t need to initiate any action • Southerners believed they were struggling for their way of life – they had a cause everyone could relate to

27. Union Blockades Southern ports • After the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln ordered the Southern ports blockaded so they couldn’t send their cotton to Europe or import goods • The strategy was to try and choke the south – they needed to do this because the Union wasn’t ready to fight yet • The South’s strategy was to prepare and wait – many hoped Lincoln would let them go in peace • Southern leaders decided to discontinue the production of cotton, hoping European leaders would put pressure on Lincoln to end the war

28. Thursday, September 22, 2011 • Essential Question: What were the advantages and disadvantages of the north and south during the Civil War? • Standard: • SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. • a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. • b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. • c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. • d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. • e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. • f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

29. Thursday, September 22, 2011: Bell work

30. Thursday, September 22, 2011: Agenda • Bell work • Notes: The Civil War • Graph: Battle of the Civil War • Primary Document with analysis (Picture of Adeline Williams and Johnson letters)

31. Lincoln’s Plan • Anaconda Plan – idea of General Winfield Scott, it was a plan to surround the Confederacy and cutting off all supply lines • Lincoln was concerned that Maryland would join the Confederacy. • He placed the state under martial law and suspended habeas corpus. • The guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without being brought before a judge. • Lincoln also put in place a draft

32. The Emancipation Proclamation • January 1, 1863 – followed a Union victory at Antietam, Maryland. • The proclamation freed the slaves in the Confederate States, while maintaining slavery in the border states loyal to the Union. • Encouraged free African Americans to serve in the Union Army.

33. The Depths of War • As the war progressed, it became obvious that the Northern was better able to deal with the hardships of war than the south.

34. Economics of War Southern Economic Problems Northern Economic Boom • Food shortage: Invading armies disrupted food and cotton production • labor shortage: men were off fighting, women had to fill in • inflation – 1 and 2 led to a higher price of goods • Conf. Army desertions • factories could produce everything the people and army needed • women filled in for men in the factories

35. Medical Care • disease kills many soldiers: poor nutrition and contaminated food led to dysentery and typhoid fever, malaria • Union soldier 3 times more likely to die in a camp or hospital than killed on the battlefield • Doctors did not know how to sterilize their equipment • Many women became nurses, including Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix

36. Northern Battle Blunders • Lincoln changed the Generals in charge of the army routinely • Nov. 1862 – General Ambrose Burnside put in charge of Union army • His tactical errors led to the Union loss at the Battle of Fredericksburg in Dec. 1862 – Burnside decided to cross the river right in front of Lee’s troops • Burnside was forced to resign and General Joseph Hooker was put in charge • Through a series of sly divisions of Lee’s army, the Union forces were defeated at Chancellorsville in May 1863 • This was the low point for the Union war effort

37. Battle of Gettysburg • After the Union defeat in Chancellorsville, Lee marched his army North into PA • It was rumored that many members of Lee’s army were looking for a stock of shoes near Gettysburg, PA • What resulted was the 3-day Battle of Gettysburg, the greatest battle ever fought in NA

38. Losses at Gettysburg • 23,000 of 85,000 Union soldiers were casualties • 28,000 of 75,000 Conf. Soldiers were casualties • the bloodiest battle of the Civil War

39. Gettysburg Address • Given four months after the battle • Ceremony dedicating a cemetery on the sight of the battlefield. • Powerful affirmation of Lincoln’s desire to see the Union survive and the nation reunited.

40. Friday, September 23, 2011 • Essential Question: What were the advantages and disadvantages of the north and south during the Civil War? • Standard: • SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. • a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. • b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. • c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. • d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. • e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. • f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

41. Friday, September 23, 2011 • No bell work: Finish battles chart • Discuss chart • Primary document analysis • Movie: Glory

42. Tuesday, September 26, 2011 • Essential Question: How did Lincoln increase the power of the presidency in order to win the Civil War? • SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. • a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid. • b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus. • c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis. • d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on these battles. • e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. • f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output.

43. Tuesday, September 27, 2011 • Bell work: Explain the treatment of the African American soldiers as portrayed in “Glory.” • Finish movie • Discuss the significance of the African American soldiers in the war effort of the North. • Work on projects. – Have the students construct the rubric.

44. Election of 1864 • Candidates – Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and George McClellan (Democrats) • McClellan was one of the generals Lincoln had fired • Lincoln initially believed he would lose badly, but Sherman’s capture of Atlanta changed public opinion Lincoln was easily reelected, winning 212 of the possible 233 electoral votes

45. The Confederate Last Stand • By April 1865, there were less than 35,000 starving men still defending Richmond • Lee knew he had to get his army out before there were more desertions – he wanted to reunite his troops with Johnston’s in NC • Johnston was fighting Sherman’s troops • The Conf. troops got as far as the town of Appomattox Court House, VA, where they were forced to surrender

46. Surrender at Appomattox • Lee and Grant met at The McLean House, a private home, to discuss the terms of Southern surrender on Apr. 9, 1865 • Lee was in his dress uniform, sword at his side • Grant was in his usual private’s uniform, splattered with mud • They made small talk and then Lee asked Grant about the terms of surrender

47. The Terms of Surrender were generous • Southern soldiers could take their horses and mules and go home • They would not be punished as traitors as long as they obeyed the laws where they lived • Grant would feed the starving Confederate army • As news of the surrender spread, Union troops began to fire their cannons in celebration • Grant stopped them, saying “the rebels are our countrymen again”

48. The Conspiracy • Throughout the winter of 1864-1865, a group of men led by actor John Wilkes Booth hatched a plan to help the confederacy • Their original plan was to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for Confederate prisoners of war • The plan later included the assassination of top Union officials, including General Grant and Vice President Andrew Johnson

49. Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865 – President Lincoln and his wife go to Ford’s Theatre in Washington, DC to see a play • Booth shot Lincoln in the back on the head, jumped out of the box and onto the stage, breaking his leg • Booth escaped and hid in a barn in Virginia where he was shot after refusing to surrender • Lincoln was taken to a house across the street where he died the next morning • None of the other official were ever hurt – Booth’s co-conspirators chickened out