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Explore the profound effects of European settlement on Native American cultures, the development of a distinctive American culture, and the complex dynamics of liberty and colonization. Learn about major European powers, colonization reasons, and challenges faced. Witness the struggles and triumphs in early colonial settlements like Jamestown, focusing on economic opportunities and tobacco cultivation. Dive into the social and economic issues of the Chesapeake Bay region, including high mortality rates and unique systems like the Headright System and Indentured Servitude. Discover the key figures and events that shaped the European colonization of North America.
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SettlementColonization 1500-1763
1. Students will understand that the discovery and settlement of North America destroyed traditional Native American cultures and profoundly affected Europe, as well.2. Students will understand that European colonists had different visions of America based upon their perspectives and goals.3. Students will understand how a distinctive American culture developed in the colonies and that many characteristics of that culture endure today and influence the way Americans view their country’s mission and purpose.4. Students will understand that liberty had different meanings to colonists and that the pursuit of freedom by some groups of people limited the liberty of others.
Three major powers controlled the known world: a) Great Britainb) Spainc) France • In 1492 Columbus sailed to the Americas for Spain • 1497 and 1498 John Cabot sailed to North America for Britain • 1577 Sir Francis Drake landed in San Francisco • Events in Europe shaped the nature of exploration • Britain and France both looked for the Northwest Passage to Asia • First English attempts were in Newfoundland – they failed
Spain • Spanish explorers dominated Central and South America • 1519-21 Cortes conquers Mexico • De Soto explores the southeast • 1532 Pizarro conquers Peru • 1540 Coronado explores the southwest • 1588 – The Armada is defeated
France • French explorers sailed along the St. Lawrence River, through the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico • They were focused on furs and establishing trade with the Indians – the Spanish focused on wealth and exploitation of the Indians • 1524 Verrazano explores the east coast • 1534 Cartier journeys along the St. Lawrence • 1680 La Salle sails down the Mississippi
Reasons for Colonization • Population increase in Britain • Enclosure movement • Primogeniture – first-born sons gets everything • Religious freedom – Puritans and separatists • Economic opportunity –a) based on Spanish wealth b) Jamestown • Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration • Dumping unwanted people - Georgia
Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??
Jamestown - Virginia • The first attempt at colonization was by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584 • In 1585 a small group tried establish a colony at Roanoke. The area was named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I of England • Sir Francis Drake rescued the first settlers, but in 1587 another group arrived • By 1590 this group had disappeared without trace – this was the “lost colony” – “Croatoan” • The next attempt to colonize would be 20 years later
In 1606 the Virginia Company received a charter from James I for settlement • Settlers were guaranteed same rights as Englishmen TheLondonCompany,1606 Get rich quick!
Dec. 1607 about 100 settlers landed at Jamestown (40 had died on the voyage) • Virginia was terrible – disease, cold, wet • The colonists/adventurers had not intended to stay – they wanted to get rich and return to England, but because of poor location, swampy land, laziness, and disease many died • There was no incentive to work • 1608 Capt. John Smith took over and forced the colonists to work
Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job?? There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…
Chief Powhatan • Smith developed good relations with the local Indians - Powhatan • 1609 Smith forced to return to England • 1609-10 “starving time” • Gradually relations with the Indians deteriorated
River Settlement Pattern Large plantations [>100 acres].Widely spread apart [>5 miles]. Social/EconomicPROBLEMS???
Why Was There Such High Mortality? POPULATION: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 300 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%
Widowarchy • High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!
John Rolfe • By 1612 John Rolfe found a way to grow tobacco which enabled to colony to survive • By 1616 tobacco is a staple export
Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
HeadrightSystem Indentured Sevitude
Indentured Servitude Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, $] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
Pocahontas • The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 when John Rolfe married Pocahontas A 1616 engraving
1n 1619:a) the Virginia Company formed the first law-making representative body in America – the Virginia House of Burgessesb) Colonists given same rights as Englishmenc) the first Africans arrivedd) 90 women arrived and sold to husbands • The first shipment of slaves arrived on a Dutch ship • The first ship full of women looking for husbands arrived - guaranteeing continued occupation of the land
In 1622 James I dissolved the Virginia Company and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624 • He also established the Church of England and the clergy were supported by the tax payers
Powhatan Uprisingof 1622 • In 1622 the Indians, fearing a lose of land, attacked again and killed over 300 settlers including Rolfe
Richard Frethorne’s1623 Letter In-Class Activity: • Identify the FACTS presented in your section of the document. • Be skepticalIs there any obvious bias/POV? • What conclusions can you draw from the facts presented? • Anticipate a problem/future issue? • See any historical relationships between past events or future ones?
The Settlement of New England
New England Colonies • In 1530s Henry VIII created the Anglican Church – but still very Catholic • The Puritans wanted to completely purify the Anglican Church of Catholic influence • Separatists (extreme Calvinists) wanted to break away from the Anglican Church because of philosophical differences • James I kicked the Separatists out of England and they went to Holland
They hated Holland! • They negotiated with the Virginia Company and agreed to relocate to the New World • In 1620 they arrived off the coast of New England • They surveyed the area and agreed to settle Plymouth, not Virginia • They created a colony without authority and became squatters • Only about the colonists were Separatists but they were all hard working and determined – unlike Virginia
Pilgrims? vs. Puritans?
Covenant Theology • “Covenant of Grace”: • between Puritan communities and God. • “Social Covenant”: • Between members of Puritan communities with each other. • Required mutual watchfulness. • No toleration of deviance or disorder. • No privacy.
Characteristics of New England Settlements • Low mortality average life expectancy was 70 years of age. • Many extended families. • Average 6 children per family. • Average age at marriage: • Women – 22 years old • Men – 27 years old.
Patriarchy • Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household. • Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.
