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The History of Indian Gaming

The History of Indian Gaming. By Bryan Sturmer and Nicholas Marz. Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Enacted in 1988 and defines the framework of Indian gaming Allows federally recognized tribes to run gaming operations, but only on federally recognized trust lands

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The History of Indian Gaming

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  1. The History of Indian Gaming By Bryan Sturmer and Nicholas Marz

  2. Indian Gaming Regulatory Act • Enacted in 1988 and defines the framework of Indian gaming • Allows federally recognized tribes to run gaming operations, but only on federally recognized trust lands • Establishes a separate Federal regulatory committee to protect gaming as a means of generating tribal revenue

  3. Different Classes of Gaming • Class I • defined as traditional Indian gaming and social gaming for minimal prizes. • Tribal governments have authority over Class I gaming

  4. Gaming Classes (cont.) • Class II • Defined as a game of chance, such as bingo • Includes card games that are not played against the house, but instead against other players, such as poker • Specifically excludes slot machines

  5. Gaming Classes (cont.) • Class III • Includes all forms of gaming that doesn’t fall into Class I or II • Includes slot machines, black jack, craps, and roulette, and the electronic versions of such games • The IGRA restricts full authority of Class III games, must have negotiations with the State

  6. Tribes Negotiate With California • In December, 1991, sixteen tribes attempted to negotiate compacts • Governor only approved video games where gamblers only competed against each other • Indians wanted video poker and slot machines • Even though negotiations fell through, forty tribes opened up casinos that included video gaming machines without the compact

  7. Where Does the Money Go? • Tribal Regulatory Authorities regulate annual audits on casinos, ensuring that the money may only be used: • To support Tribal Governmental expenses • For Tribal economic development • For charitable contributions • For the general welfare of the Tribe • To support local neighboring governments for services

  8. The Growth of Indian Casinos • The year the act was passed, there were 70 casinos in operation • In 2001, there were over 290 casinos across the country • Thirty-nine of these grossed over $100 million dollars each • Largest Indian casino employs nearly 12,000

  9. Casinos Flourish Throughout CA • Popular casinos, such as Viejas (below), begin to earn enormous amounts of profits • Casinos are regulated by the NIGC, or National Indian Gaming Commission

  10. Revenues of Casinos in Millions of Dollars

  11. Future of Indian Gaming • As profits increase on Indian Reservations, more tribes are trying to build casinos in order to boost their tribes economy • By looking at recent data, one can conclude that casino revenues will grow exponentially

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