The Tudors

1. The Tudors

2. The Hundred Years War English House of Plantagenet vs. French House of Valois 1337-1453 Series of battles People went home for the harvest and in winter

3. War of the Roses 1455-1487, descendents of the House of Plantagenet fought for control of England. House of Lancaster House of York

4. Tudor Dynasty Henry Tudor (House of Lancaster) seized the throne and married Elizabeth in 1485. Elizabeth of York Henry VII The Tudor Rose combines elemtns of both the Yorkist White and Lancasteran Red Roses.

5. Arthur, Prince of Wales Arthur, 1486-1502 Katherine of Aragon When Arthur died, 20 weeks after their wedding, Henry VII should have lost Katherine’s dowry. Instead, he held her in limbo, promising to marry her to the new heir, Henry, while simultaneously negotiating for other brides.

6. Henry VIII “Untrained to the exacting art of kingship,” Henry reigned from 1509 to his death in 1547. Katherine, age 23 Henry, age 17 According to the day’s standards, Henry was marrying his “sister.” At issue was whether Katherine and Arthur had consummated their marriage. She claimed they had not, leaving her free to marry Henry. When Henry took the throne, he married Katherine without obtaining the papal dispensation that would make the marriage legitimate.

7. Princess Mary daughter of Henry and Katherine Between 1510 and 1518, Katherine had 6 children, three girls and three boys. Most were stillborn, one lived 7 days. Only Mary, born in 1516, survived. At the time, women did not inherit the crown.

8. The King’s Great Matter By 1585, it was clear that 40-year-old Katherine was unlikely to produce a male child. In order to avoid a war when he died, he had three choices. • Legitimize his bastard son – war would ensue • Marry Mary off early and hope she produced a son before he died – highly unlikely • Put Katherine aside and marry someone who could have children

9. Anne Boleyn Born 1501, she was considered beautiful and well educated. Unlike her sister, she refused to become Henry’s mistress. Anne was also a Protestant.

10. Protestant Reformation A former monk, Martin Luther challenged the abuses of the Catholic Church and the Pope. In 1517, he published his Ninety-five Theses. His ideas spread throughout Europe.

11. William Tyndale Translated the Bible into English. Spent most of his life in hiding. Argued that kings hold ultimate power, above and beyond that of the Pope. Unwisely opposed Henry’s divorce.

12. Divorce From 1527 to 1533, the Pope refused to annul Henry’s marriage to Katherine. Ann refused to sleep with him unless he married her first. In 1533, 5he Pope excommunicated Henry. Henry declared himself head of the church and granted himself a divorce. Katherine died in exile in 1536.

13. Henry’s Second Marriage Anne and Henry married Jan 25, 1533 She was called the King’s Whore Their daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was born September 7, 1533 Anne suffered three miscarriages On May 2, 1536, Anne was arrested for high treason

14. Anne’s Death Anne was accused of having taken a series of lovers, including her own brother. Despite a lack of evidence, all the men and Anne herself was convicted and sentenced to die. Anne was beheaded on May 17, 1536. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that,…but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.

15. Jane Seymour Born in 1508, Henry married Jane 11 days after Anne’s beheading. She was sympathetic to Katherine and brought Mary back to court. On October 12, 1537, she had a son, Edward. Nine days later she died.

16. Anne of Cleves Henry married Anne on the strength of this portrait. When he met her, he didn’t like her. Their marriage lasted from Jan 6 – July 9, 1540. Anne gratefully accepted an annulment.

17. Katherine Howard At age 13, she had an affair with her music teacher. She had another affair, with Francis Dereham, in 1528. They may have had a “precontract,” a form of marriage. She was 17 to Henry’s 51 when they wed in 1540, 11 days after he put Anne of Cleves away. Early in 1541, she is said to have had an affair with Thomas Culpepper. This led to blackmail.

18. Katherine Howard’s Downfall In late 1541, her indiscretions became known. Although the “precontract” would have saved her life, she said there was none and that she had been raped. In 1541, a new law made it illegal to fail to mention previous sexual relationships when marrying a king. This made her guilty of treason. She was beheaded on February 13.

19. Katherine Parr Henry’s last wife was also his oldest, 29 when they married in 1543. And she was the only one who had been married before. She may have been a Protestant. After Henry’s death in 1547, she retired from court, married again, and may have died in childbirth.

20. Edward VI Became king when he was 9 years old. His reign was filled with economic and social problems, riots, and rebellions. His regents (who ruled in his stead) created a truly protestant state. On his deathbed – he was 16 - he arranged for the Protestant Lady Jane Grey to become queen.

21. The Nine-Days Queen Married to John Dudley, son of a powerful family, Jane was the granddaughter of Henry VII’s sister Mary and Edward’s cousin. Nine days after her coronation as queen, the government decided to back Mary as queen. Convicted of treason, she was beheaded a few months later.

22. Mary I The oldest surviving child of Henry VIII, Mary remained a Catholic. She went to war against Lady Jane and triumphed on August 3, 1553. She was wildly popular. 37 years old, she quickly married another Catholic, Philip of Spain. This was not a popular decision.

23. Bloody Mary Mary’s power rested in being Catholic. Under Catholicism, her mother’s marriage was valid and she was legitimate, eligible to rule. Under Protestantism, she was a bastard and could not be queen. She proceeded to re-establish Catholicism in England and executed 300 Protestants who failed to convert.

24. Mary’s “Pregnancy” In September 1554, Mary appeared to be pregnant. Arrangements were made for Elizabeth to view the birth and for Philip to become king. In July 1555, her belly receded. She was not and had never been pregnant. Scholars debate the cause of this episode. Philip returned to Spain. Elizabeth remained at Court. Arrangements were made for Mary Queen of Scots to ascend the throne at Mary Tudor’s death.

25. Mary’s Death When Philip left, Mary again thought herself pregnant, and again was wrong. She acknowledged Elizabeth as her heir. She died November 17, 1558, from influenza, at the age of 42.

26. Elizabeth I Born in 1533, she ascended the throne in 1558 at the age of 25. She tolerated both Catholics and Protestants. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. The state of Virginia is named after her.

27. Elizabethan Era 1558 – 1603 During her reign, arts, poetry, exploration, and scholarship flourished. • William Shakespeare • Piracy on the high seas • Colonized the Americas • Defeat of the Spanish Armada • Execution of Mary, Queen of Scotts, rival claimant to the English throne

28. James I Elizabeth named James Steward, king of Scotland, as her heir. He was the Protestant son of rival claimant, Mary Queen of Scotts. Shakespeare continued to write during his reign. He authorized the first official version of the Bible written in English.