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The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body: An Orientation. Organ System Overview. Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes. Figure 1.2f. Organ System Overview. Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity.

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The Human Body: An Orientation

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  1. The Human Body: An Orientation

  2. Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1.2f

  3. Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Cleanses the blood • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

  4. Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

  5. Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

  6. Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid-base balance • Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

  7. Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

  8. Necessary Life Functions • Maintain boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and absorption of nutrients

  9. Necessary Life Functions • Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body • Produces energy • Makes body structures • Excretion • Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

  10. Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Produces future generation • Growth • Increases cell size and number of cells

  11. Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions

  12. Survival Needs • Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure • Must be appropriate

  13. Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1.3

  14. Homeostasis • Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment • A dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance • A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

  15. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4

  16. Variable(in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 1a

  17. Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 1b

  18. Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 2

  19. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 3

  20. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 4

  21. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 5

  22. Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center

  23. Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus

  24. Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat

  25. Feedback Mechanisms • Positive feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

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