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The Respiratory System. 1. Pharynx. 2. Larynx – Houses the vocal chords. 3. Trachea. 4. Primary bronchi. 5. Diaphragm. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Equation for Cellular Respiration. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP (Energy). The Respiratory System. Prevents food from
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The Respiratory System 1. Pharynx 2. Larynx – Houses the vocal chords 3. Trachea 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm 1 2 3 4 5
The Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy)
The Respiratory System Prevents food from entering air passageways 1. Common passageway for food and air 3. 2. Food transport tube 4. Voice box 5. Wind pipe 6. Transports air to right and left lung 7. Functional part of lung Site of gas exchange
The area between the pharynx and alveoli where no gas exchange takes place. What is anatomical dead space? -------------------------------------------------------------- Anatomical Dead Space -------------------------------------------------------------- How much air from each breath sits in the anatomical dead space? Anatomical Dead Space Holds 150 ml air – the only air in the respiratory system that is available for gas exchange is air in the alveoli.
What is the function of the alveoli? Gas exchange – oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
Daltons Law • The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual pressures (partial pressures) of each of the different gases in the mixture. • Atmospheric Pressure (pATM) = 760 mm Hg at sea level • Note: Atmospheric Pressure can be referred to as Barometric Pressure
pAtm at sea level = _________ Air 78 % N2 21 % O2 pO2 = (Percent O2 in air) X (pAtm) Dalton’s Law 760 mm Hg .21 760mmHg 158 mm Hg pO2 = ______ X _____ = _______
An increase in elevation results in a decrease in atmospheric (barometric) pressure. pO2 = ________ X ___________ Mount Everest: 29,142 feet pAtm = 245 mm Hg pO2 = .21 X 245 mmHg = 51mm Hg
View Of Whitney: 14,495 feet; pAtm = 400 mm Hg .21 400 84 mm Hg pO2 = _____ X _____ = _____ Mount Whitney
Effects of Elevation Mt. Everest: 29,142 ft. pAtm = 245 mm Hg What is pO2 at the top of Mt. Everest? pO2 = .21 X 245 = 51mm Hg Mt. Whitney 14,495 ft.
What will happen to the size of this balloon if you carry it from sea level up a mountain? What happens to the distance between oxygen molecules as you carry the balloon up a mountain?
Sea Level Sea Level versus the Top of Mount Everest Mount Everest pATM is _____________ Molecules are __________ higher than Everest closer together pAtm is ______________________ Molecules are _________________ much lower than sea level further apart
Hypoxia = ___________ Low Blood Oxygen The top of Red Slate Mountain Humans experience hypoxia at high elevation
Gas Diffusion pO2 = 100mmHg pO2 = 40mmHg pCO2 = 40mmHg Blood leaving alveolar capillaries pCO2 = 45mmHg Blood entering alveolar capillaries pO2 in tissues is 40mmHg pCO2 in tissues is 45mmHg
Oxygen – Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve 97 2. 3. What happens to the Saturation of Hemoglobin when pO2 increases? 75 -------------------- 1. pO2 • Percent saturation of • hemoglobin (Hb) 3. The higher the pO2 the higher the saturation of Hb. (this means that more oxygen is being carried by the blood.) 1
What happens to pO2 as elevation increases? It decreases
Factors that affect the partial pressure of oxygen ---- Normal body temperature What happens to body the saturation of hemoglobin when body temperature rises? According to the graph, at high body temperatures the saturation of hemoglobin decreases (the blood is carrying less oxygen).
Factors that affect the saturation of hemoglobin: Blood pH and blood CO2 levels
Boyles Law • A: Normal volume and pressure • B: Volume is decreased resulting in _____ pressure • C: Volume is increased resulting in ______ pressure increased decreased
Rib cage expands when external intercostals contract Rib cage gets smaller when external intercostals relax
Ventilation: Moving Air in and Out of Lungs 1. Increase 2. Decrease 4. Into the lungs - INHALATION 3. Greater Contract external intercostals Contract Diaphragm _______ Volume of Thoracic Cavity _______ Pressure of Thoracic cavity pAtm is ________ than air pressure in thoracic cavity AIR MOVES ____________ (Ribs move up and out) (Diaphragm moves down) 1 2 3 4
Respiratory Rate and Tidal Volume • Respiratory rate = Number of breaths you take per minute • Textbook value = 12 breaths per minute • Tidal Volume • Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing • The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal resting breath • Textbook value = 500 ml per breath
Pulmonary Ventilation (PV) • Pulmonary Ventilation (PV) • The volume of air that moves in out of the lungs in one minute • PV = Respiratory Rate X Respiratory Volume • Resting PV = Respiratory Rate X Tidal Volume 500 ml /breath 12 breaths/min = ____________ X __________ = ___________________ 6,000 ml/min
Regulation of Respiratory Rate 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3. Decreases – You are exhaling more thus go are getting rid of more carbon dioxide 4. Increases – You are not exhaling thus you are not getting rid of carbon dioxide • The primary factor that controls respiratory rate is the amount of CO2 in the blood. • Increased CO2 causes a/an ___ in respiratory rate • Decreased CO2 causes a/an ___in respiratory rate • Hyperventilation _____ blood CO2 levels • Holding your breath ____ blood CO2 levels • An increase in blood CO2 has what effect on blood pH? 1 2 3 4
Regulation of Respiratory Rate What happens to carbon dioxide when it diffuses from your tissues into your plasma. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- What does the above equation mean? That carbon dioxide combine with water in plasma to create carbonic acid. This causes a decrease in blood pH.
