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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. The United States in World War II. Section One. The Home Front. Rosie the Riveter. American’s Join the War Effort. 5 million volunteered for military service 10 million drafted Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) formed – Director: Oveta Culp Hobbie.

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 The United States in World War II

  2. Section One The Home Front

  3. Rosie the Riveter

  4. American’s Join the War Effort • 5 million volunteered for military service • 10 million drafted • Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) formed – Director: Oveta Culp Hobbie

  5. Minority Groups Opinion of War African American newspaper editorial: “Why die for democracy for some foreign country when we don’t even have it here?” Most felt that there was a greater threat from fascism

  6. Minorities in Armed Services • 500,000 Mexican American joined the armed services & were placed in segregated units, most of them combat units • 1 million African-Americans joined the military services & were placed in segregated units that performed mainly non-combat roles

  7. Minorities in Armed Services • 33,000 Japanese Americans joined: 442nd Regimental Combat Team is the most decorated unit in U.S. military history • 13,000 Chinese Americans joined, 20% of adult males • 25,000 Native Americans join: U.S. Marine Corp Navajo code talkers

  8. Life in the Home Front • February 1942: Last car for civilian market produced • Factories converted to war production ( massive quantities produced) • 18 million workers (3 x 1941) • 6 million women workers • 2 million minority workers

  9. “We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Fight for Our Country” • A. Phillip Randolph: African-American labor leader calls for July 1, 1941 march on Washington D.C. • In exchange for no march, FDR gives executive order calling for employers & unions not to discriminate

  10. The Role of Science • Office of Scientific Research & Development (OSRD) is created • Radar & Sonar improved • DDT (insecticide) kills body lice • Penicillin is developed • Albert Einstein writes FDR to inform him of the potential of A-Bomb • Manhattan Project is begun in 1942

  11. Japanese Americans Internment

  12. Japanese Americans Internment • After Pearl Harbor many Americans questioned loyalty of Japanese Americans • War Dept. wants all Japanese Americans removed from Hawaii, but military governor of Hawaii resists because they are too important to economy & war effort (only a few are relocated)

  13. Japanese Americans Internment • February 19, 1942: FDR orders removal of Japanese Americans from California & parts of WA., OR, & AZ. • 2/3 were Nisei (born in U.S.) • 110,000 sent to ten internment camps

  14. Camp At Topaz, Utah

  15. Family being sent to Owens Valley

  16. Economic Controls • Office of Price Administration (OPA) froze prices on most goods • Income Tax increased & the number of people paying increased greatly • People had few consumer goods to buy so they saved their money thru War Bonds

  17. Economic Controls • OPA established rationing system for essential goods (gasoline, meat, sugar, coffee, & shoes) Each household received ration book • War Production Board (WPB) -headed by Bernard Baruch - determined what companies would convert to war production

  18. Section Two The War for Europe and North Africa

  19. Germany First • FDR & Churchill meet at White House for three weeks beginning on Dec. 22,1941 • Two important decisions were made 1.The defeat of Germany was the top priority of the Allies.

  20. Germany First Reasons why Germany needed to be defeated before Japan. A. FDR considered Hitler the number one enemy of the U.S. B. The Soviet Union was in desperate need of help & the Soviet Union was the only nation with the potential of defeating Germany (large population with direct land access to Germany) C. Only after Germany was defeated could the U.S. expect help from Britain & the Soviet Union with Japan

  21. Germany First 2. Allies would accept only the unconditional surrender of Axis powers “complete victory …(was) essential to defend life, liberty, and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as others”

  22. The Battle of the Atlantic • U-boats sink 87 U.S. ships off the Atlantic shoreline in first four months of war • 681 allied ships sunk in first seven months of 1942 • Allies are losing ships faster than they can be replaced

  23. The Battle of the Atlantic • Allies use convoy system • Destroyers use sonar to hunt U-boats • Ships & airplanes use radar to hunt U-boats • Allies greatly increase merchant ship production • 1943: Germany begins losing U-boats faster than they can be replaced

  24. Stalingrad • August 1942 to February 2, 1943 • Germans attack city with 333,000 men of the Sixth Army • November of 1942 Russians launch counter attack & surround Sixth Army in Stalingrad • February 2, 1943 91,000 survivors of the Sixth Army surrender to Russians

  25. Stalingrad

  26. Stalingrad

  27. 1,250,000 Russian soldiers & civilians die in battle Turning point of the War Stalingrad

  28. Gen. Erwin RommelCommander of German Afrika CorpThe Desert Fox

  29. North Africa • Operation Torch: Nov., 1942 Americans land west of Germans in French North Africa (Casablanca, Oran, & Algiers) • German Field Marshal Rommel (Desert Fox) defeated at the battle of El Alamein & is forced to retreat to Tunisia • May 1943: Afrika Corp surrenders

  30. The Italian Campaign • Casablanca Conference: FDR wants to invade northern France from England as soon as possible • Churchill wants to attack Italy “the soft underbelly of the Axis” • They compromise, the British & Americans attack Italy immediately & prepare for cross English channel invasion

  31. The Italian Campaign • Sicily falls in the summer of 1943 • Mussolini is deposed on July, 23 1943 & was arrested (later freed by German commando raid) • Germans troops occupy Italy • Germans fight successful delaying actions that frustrates Allied attempts to force them out

  32. Italian Campaign • Jan. 22,1944: Americans use amphibious landing at Anzio in attempt to bypass German resistance (25,000 Allied dead after 4 months of fighting) • Rome Falls on June 4, 1944 • German Field Marshall Kesselring surrenders May 6, 1945

  33. Italian Proverb“Those who are always right, always in up in Loreto Square.”

  34. Benito Mussolini in Piazzale Loreto, Milan on April 28, 1945

  35. General Dwight D. Eisenhower

  36. D-Day Western allies had been preparing for two years to open a “second front” in northern France to draw German troops away from Russian front

  37. D-Day • Buildup in England: • 3,000,000 men in 52 divisions • 80,000 trucks; 10,000 tanks • 60,000,000 C and K rations • 5200 bombers, 5500 fighters • 2400 transport planes from 163 airfields • 1200 naval ships: 2 battleships, 23 cruisers, 105 destroyers • 2500 landing craft

  38. D-Day June 6, 1944 the Allies launch an amphibious landing on five beaches on the French coast of Normandy

  39. D-Day

  40. D-Day

  41. D-Day • 6:30 a.m. - landings began along 100 miles at 5 beaches • Utah - 23,250 land - 200 killed • Omaha - Big Red One & 34,250 land - 1000 killed • Gold - British 50th & 25,000 land • Juno - Canadian 3rd & 21,400 land • Sword - British 3rd & 28,850 land • 82nd & 101st Airborne land 16,000 on west flank and British 6th Airborne land 8,000 on east flank

  42. D-Day • The landing was successful & within one month 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies & 170,000 vehicles are landed • July 25, 1944: Allies break out of Normandy into the heart of France • General George Patton leads 3rd Army across France to the German border

  43. Paris is liberated on Aug. 25,1944

  44. Liberation • By September 1944 France, Belgium, Luxemburg, & most of the Netherlands were liberated from German control • November 1944: FDR is reelected for fourth term • Harry S. Truman new Vice President

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