Chapter 17

1. Chapter 17

2. SECTION 1 • Totalitarian rule gave the government total control over the nation (Italy, Germany, USSR) • Italy and Germany created fascist governments, or governments that placed the good of the nation over the good of the individual • Russia built their government based on Communism

3. Joseph Stalin • Collectivization of farmland caused a decrease in farm production • Millions starved • Five Year Plan rapidly improved industrial output; laborers assigned to certain industrial centers (iron, coal, steel, oil) • Extreme shortages of consumer goods • complaints about the conditions of life in Russia during this time resulted in Stalin removing the enemies of the state by death.

4. In November 1927, Joseph Stalin launched his "revolution from above”. His aims were to erase all traces of capitalism and to transform the Soviet Union as quickly as possible, without regard to cost, into an industrialized and completely socialist state. • Collectivization continued… Peasants having lunch in a commune.

5. Watchtower allowing young Party activists to watch for starving peasants attempting to snip ears of corn for their families. • "A Party requisitioning squad removes hidden grain. Any peasant whose grain was found was automatically treated as a kulak, and deported or shot; yet to retain some grain was a matter of survival." • Kulak was a word that originally meant an independent peasant who owned a bit more land. Later, it was used by the Communists to mean anyone who opposed collectivization.

6. Cannibals caught with cuts of human flesh in the Volga. This was during the height of collectivization in the Ukraine.

7. Results of Collectivization • To frustrate the Government, the peasants didn't plant anything. The new collectives were supposed to bring advantages with modernized farming methods. • New tractors could not replace the slaughtered draught horses - half were killed. The USSR had 34 million horses in 1929 but only 17 million in 1933. 45% of its cattle and 60% of its sheep and goats were destroyed. • Villagers who refused to co-operate with collectivization were forcibly removed from their villages. They were then herded into cattle trucks and dumped in the inhospitable north. Others were forced into labor camps where they provided slave labor for some of Stalin's plans. • When the peasants were evicted, the Party officials - often from the cities - had no idea how to farm. Crops were not harvested properly or seed sown in time. • There was chaos. With slaughtered cattle, bad harvesting, and burned crops there was famine in the USSR. Millions starved. Stalin refused to accept international aid. Cannibalism appeared in some areas.

8. Five Year Plan • concentrated on the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power and transport. • demanded a 1115% increase in coal production, 200% increase in iron production and 335% increase in electric power. • Every factory had display boards that showed the output of workers. • Failure to reach goals were publicity criticized and humiliated. • Some workers could not cope with pressure and absenteeism increased. Records were kept of workers' lateness, absenteeism and bad workmanship. • If the worker's record was poor, he was accused of trying to sabotage the Five Year Plan and could be shot or sent to work as forced labor on the Baltic Sea Canal or the Siberian Railway.

9. The Human Cost of the Plans • The workweek was changed from five to seven days. Workers were placed on shifts to keep factories and mines producing to meet quotas. Little or no time was permitted for workers to be off. If a worker skipped their job for more than one day, they could be kicked out of their house and be fired. • To prevent workers from moving job to job, the secret police introduced internal passports for the country. Anyone who lived in a town had to register with the police. If they wanted to move, they had to get permission from the police, who would refuse to allow movement for fear of not meeting production quotas. • All workers had to carry a workbook that acted like a school report card for each individual. Inside the book was listed all previous jobs, problems and work offenses. • Most people did not agree with the methods used to create an industrialized nation. Young communist workers helped drive the plans forward. “Shock brigades," attempted to drive production ahead by competing with each other, setting good examples, spying on their colleagues, and pressuring managers if they did not work hard enough. These workers received better food, housing and even special medals for their efforts.

10. Punishment for failure to comply with Stalin’s plans

11. Great Purges- Why the controversial numbers???? • The total number of documentable deaths in the Soviet corrective labor system from 1934-1953 amounts to 1,054,000. The number does not include executions of “counterrevolutionaries” which were usually performed outside the camp system. • In 1932-33, Stalin engineered a famine (by massively raising the grain quota that the peasantry had to turn over to the state); this killed between six and seven million people and broke the back of Ukrainian resistance. The Ukrainian famine has only recently been recognized as one of the most destructive genocides of the twentieth century • The Five-Year Plans for industry were implemented in an extraordinarily brutal fashion, leading to the deaths of millions of convict laborers • The most prominent elements of Stalin's Purges, for most researchers, were the intensive campaigns waged within key Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD (secret police), and scientists and engineers.

12. Benito Mussolini

13. Benito Mussolini-Italy • Mussolini • Il Duce, the leader • WWI vet • Wanted to return Italy to the power it had before the end of WWI • Built up a force of WWI vets called the Blackshirts • appointed Prime Minister by the king and then he established himself as the dictator • Italy controlled Eritrea and Somalia in Africa but had failed several times to colonize neighboring Ethiopia. When Mussolini came to power he was determined to show the strength of his regime by occupying the country. In October 1935 Mussolini sent troops into Ethiopia.

14. Adolf Hitler

15. Adolf Hitler • WWI vet • Refused to accept the defeat of Germany • Joined the Nazi party • Wrote Mein Kampf,My Struggle while in prison • Mein Kampf explained how Germany could rise again and identified the weak link in German culture: the Jews • Hitler rose to power as the Chancellor of Germany • Began to rearm Germany even though Treaty of Versailles forbids • The Brown Shirts/ SA/ “Stormtroopers”, a paramilitary organization whose methods of violent intimidation played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power.

16. Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles • Rearms • Claims Germany needs lebensraum (living space) • Stops paying reparations • Brings military into the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland-March,1936

17. Rhineland-why important? • area had been a key industrial region of Germany, producing coal, steel and iron resources. • formed a natural barrier to France

18. Germany’s Increasingly Militaristic Approach • After the collapse of Austria-Hundary at the end of WWI, the majority of the German speaking people in Austria wanted to unite with the new German Republic. • This was forbidden by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles • Demands for the union (Anschluss) of Austria and Germany increased after Hitler became German Chancellor. • In February, 1938, Hitler invited the Austrian Chancellor, to meet him at Berchtesgarden. • Hitler demanded concessions for the Austrian Nazi Party. Schuschnigg refused and after resigning was replaced by the leader of the Austrian Nazi Party. On 13th March, new Chancellor invited the German Army to occupy Austria and proclaimed union with Germany

19. Kurt von Schuschnigg, radio broadcast (11th March, 1938) • This day has placed us in a tragic and decisive situation. I have to give my Austrian fellow countrymen the details of the events of today. • The German Government today handed to President Miklas an ultimatum, with a time limit, ordering him to nominate as chancellor a person designated by the German Government and to appoint members of a cabinet on the orders of the German Government; otherwise German troops would invade Austria. • I declare before the world that the reports launched in Germany concerning disorders by the workers, the shedding of streams of blood, and the creation of a situation beyond the control of the Austrian Government are lies from A to Z. President Miklas has asked me to tell the people of Austria that we have yielded to force since we are not prepared even in this terrible situation to shed blood. We have decided to order the troops to offer no resistance. • So I take leave of the Austrian people with the German word of farewell uttered from the depth of my heart: God protect Austria.

20. Criticism of Anshcluss • Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, met with Hitler. After that, Chamberlain said that Adolf Hitler was "a man who could be trusted when he had given his word." • Winston Churchill warned people of appeasing Hitler: "The belief that security can be gained by throwing a small state to the wolves is a fatal lie."

21. More German Expansion • Hitler, quoted on his desire to incorporate Czechoslovakia, said : "It is the last claim of  land that I must take in Europe, but it is the claim from which I will not retire." • Hitler, Italy's Benito Mussolini, Britain's Neville Chamberlain, and France's Edouard Daladier (da-la-dee-ay) met for two days to talk about Germany’s desire Czechoslovakia's land.

22. Munich Pact • POLICY OF APPEASEMENT • On Sept 29-30, the British (Neville Chamberlain) and French (Edouard Daladier) foreign ministers attempted to appease Hitler by giving in to his demand for the Sudetenland under the understanding Hitler would make no more territorial demands • March 1939 Hitler takes western Czechoslovakia

23. “peace with honor”? • "My good friends this is the second time in our history that there has come back from Germany to Downing Street peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time."-Neville Chamberlain Sept.30, 1938

24. “Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.” Churchill to Chamberlain at the House of Commons, after the Munich accords (1938)

25. Soviet poster of 1930-s showing Western powers giving Hitler Czechoslovakia on a dish. Inscription in the flag: "On towards the East!"

27. Spanish Civil War • Civil War in Spain • Hitler and Mussolini back General Francisco Franco who led the Nationalist • Spain was used as a practice ground for Hitler’s blitzkrieg and Luftwaffe • Nationalist took firm control of government in Spain

28. Section 2 • Chamberlain made a mistake with his appeasement of Hitler • Winston Churchill replaced him as the Prime Minister of Great Britain in May of 1940 • Wanted to be more aggressive towards Hitler

29. Nonaggression PactAugust 1939 • Also known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact • Hitler and Stalin signed a ten year agreement not to attack one another. • Germany would trade manufactured goods for Soviet raw materials • Germany and the Soviet Union secretly agreed to divide Poland • Germany can avoid fighting a war on two fronts.

30. Hitler’s Invasion of Poland • Germany invaded • Poland on Sept. 1, 1939 with no fear that the USSR would retaliate • Britain and France had pledged to defend Poland and declared war on Germany on Sept. 3 • The USSR invaded Poland from the east on Sept. 17.

31. Blitzkrieg in Poland • Lightning war; overwhelming force • German forces were far superior to Polish forces • Poland fell w/i a month

32. Russia and Finland • On Nov 30,1939 Russia attacked Finland and on Mar 12, 1940, the Finns finally surrender • Russia’s army did not perform particularly well which mades Hitler think the Russians would not be much of a challenge if Germany invaded Finnish infantry passing a destroyed Russian tank

33. French and German Plans forthe Battle of France 1940 • French anticipate the Germans attacking through the north as they did in World War I so they develop the Dye Plan to counter such an attack • Build the Maginot Line in the south to protect the border

34. Maginot Line • A line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along her borders with Germany and Italy • The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest which was considered “impassable”

35. Maginot line

36. The blitzkrieg allowed Germany to quickly take over France. • Within 3 months Hilter moved through Denmark, Norway, and Split France

37. Dunkirkone of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare • May-June 1940

38. Where is Dunkirk?

39. Winston ChurchillJune 4, 1940 To House of Commons/ fall of Dunkirk… • We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

40. France Falls • The French government supervised the unoccupied south from the vacation resort of Vichy, France and this area worked with Germany. The southern area was called Vichy France and they collaborated with Germany. • France’s prime minister, Charles de Gaulle, reestablished France’s government in Great Britain and attempted to support the underground Resistance group that was trying to cause the Germans problems • All that was left of the ALLIES at this point was Great Britain

41. Occupied France

42. With France conquered, Britain was at risk! • Battle of Britain begins. • “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, ‘This was their finest hour.’” (Winston Churchill)

43. Battle of BritainJuly-Oct. 1940 • First campaign fought entirely in air • Nightly bombing raids by the German Luftwaffe • Countered by Royal Air Force • RAF became more successful as time goes on using radar and other advances

44. Winston Churchill on Royal Air Force during Battle of Britain… “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”

45. Italy Joins the Axis • On June 10, 1940, Mussolini declares war on Britain and France and four months later invades Greece • In many ways Mussolini will hinder rather than help Hitler

46. Greatest Extent of Axis Control

47. Section 3 • Japan was a part of the League of Nations • Japan was for the Kellogg-Briand Pact that agreed war was not the answer • Japan wants to acquire new lands for the raw materials • Japan was an island and was overpopulated • The Great Depression caused economic difficulties for Japan just like it did for other nations • Nationalism will rise as the people of Japan suffer from what they perceive as economic abuse from Western Nations

48. Manchurian Incident • Japan saw the take over of Manchuria (located north of China) as an answer to their problems • Japan’s army took over Manchuria without the permission of the government • Japan took over the land and sent over farmers to occupy the land • Although the military are not in complete control of Japan, they certainly limit the power of the government .

49. Chiang Kai Shek • Mao Zedong

50. WAR with CHINA • Chiang Kai Shek led the Nationalist group and Mao Zedong led the communist • These two individuals were fighting over control of China • When Japan began the attack on China these two men joined forces to stop the invasion