Psychology & Performance Enhancing Substances

1. Psychology & Performance Enhancing Substances

2. Psychology

3. The Ideal Performance State Absence of fear—no fear of failure No thinking about or analysis of performance Narrow focus of attention concentrated on the activity itself Sense of effortlessness—an involuntary experience Sense of personal control Distortion of time and space

4. Relationship Between Confidence and Athletic Performance

5. Why Goal Setting Affects Performance Goals direct athlete’s attention by prioritizing efforts. Goals increase effort because of the contingency of success on goal attainment. Goals increase positive reinforcement through feedback given to athletes.

6. Performance Enhancing Substances

7. Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances Naturally occurring hormones and the drugs that mimic their effects Dietary supplements

8. Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet. The product contains one or more of the following: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; dietary substance for use by humans; or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of these ingredients. The product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a food.

9. Generic name or category Example trade names Methandrostenolone Dianabol Oxandrolone Anavar Stanozolol Winstrol Oxymetholone Anadrol Fluoxymesterone Halotestin Methyltestosterone Oreton-M Mesterolone Proviron Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Orally Active Steroids

10. Generic name or category Example trade names Testosterone esters Delatestryl, Sustanon Nandrolone esters Deca-Durabolin Stanozolol Strombaject Methenolone enanthate Primobolan-Depot Boldenone undecylenate Parenabol Trenbolone acetate Parabolan Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Injectable Steroids

11. Body Composition Changes With Anabolic Steroids

12. Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use Primary risk for women is masculinization. Primary risks for young boys are accelerated puberty; early closure of the ends of the long bones. Both males and females who use high doses of anabolic steroids are at risk for psychological changes that include increased aggressiveness.

13. Potential Risks to Performance Uncontrolled emotional responses directed at a teammate Unanticipated decline in performance when steroid use is stopped Undesirable increase in body weight in aerobic endurance athletes

14. Anabolic Steroids: Bottom Lines Anabolic steroid use will likely increase body weight. Other performance benefits have not been well tested or demonstrated. Suspected psychological effects are difficult to test. Health risks in men are comparable to known risks to women from use of oral steroidal contraceptives. More serious health risks accompany the use of very high doses of anabolic steroids.

15. Other Hormones Used by Athletes As Ergogenic Aids Human chorionic gonadotropin increases testicular testosterone production. Growth hormone stimulates physical growth of the body. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production. Beta-adrenergic agonists affect the metabolic and nervous systems.

16. Problems in Drug Testing Some ergogenic substances, such as caffeine, occur naturally in the body. Some substances, such as recombinant human growth hormone, are difficult to test for because they are indistinguishable from naturally occurring hormones. Masking agents may dilute the urine specimen and make it difficult to obtain a positive test.

17. Dietary Supplements Vitamins Steroid replacers Growth hormone releasers L-carnitine Creatine Caffeine