Warm Up:

1. Warm Up: • How would the parenting styles react to the following scenario: • Your child refuses to do the dishes. You ask again. The child says, you never make my little brother Raphael do the dishes! You’re so unfair! • Authoritative • Authoritarian • Permissive • What is the best response and why?

2. Think-Pair-Share • Do you think spanking is a good practice for parents?

3. Discussion: • What may be the outcomes of spanking? • What does it teach your child? • What are potential benefits? • How might it be detrimental? • Are their only certain times when spanking is appropriate? Or is it all or nothing? • Are their other ways to punish/teach your child?

4. Consciousness True or False?: • We act out forbidden fantasies in our dreams • It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker • You can be hypnotized against your will • You can teach a rat to raise or lower its heart rate • A drink a day is good for you • Coca-Cola once added a powerful, but now illegal stimulant drug to their soft drink

5. Consciousness Chapter 5

6. Objective and DOL Objective DOL • WWBAT define consciousness and explain the four psychological meanings of consciousness • SWBAT answer 4 mc questions on consciousness

7. In your notes • In your notes or on a scrap piece of paper, write down your definition of consciousness • Compare with your partner

8. Meanings of consciousness Consciousness as awareness Inner Awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious, and unconscious The sense of self the waking state

9. Consciousness as Sensory Awareness • When we are aware of our environment, we are conscious of it. • Vision allows us to see, or be conscious of, the snow on mountains. • Hearing allows us to hear, or be conscious of, a concert.

10. Video • Count how many times the players in white pass the ball.

11. Consciousness as Sensory Awareness • Selective attention- Focusing on one stimulus out of many stimuli. • Why didn’t you see the gorilla? • Think-pair-share: how can this help you to become a better studier? • **Certain stimuli naturally get our attention including: • Sudden changes (cool breeze in a hot room, particularly high or low exam grade) • Novel (unusual) stimuli (dog enters classroom, unusual hairdos) • Intense stimuli (bright colors, loud noises, sharp pain, attractive people) • Repetitive stimuli (same tv commercial played over and over; Sierra high schoolers are… on announcements) • Think-Pair-Share: What distracts you from the teacher in class?

12. Consciousness as inner awareness • Awareness of personal thoughts, images, emotions, and memories. • Levels of consciousness (Freud): • Conscious -We are aware of our thoughts and feelings. • Preconscious- not currently aware of thoughts and feelings but they readily available to us • example: what’d you eat for breakfast this morning? Others? • Unconscious- We are unaware of our thoughts and feelings either through: • Repression (unintentionally push out of memory) • Suppression (choose not to think about) • Nonconscious-bodily processes which cannot be experienced through our sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

13. Consciousness as self • Our impressions, thoughts and feelings combine to make up our continuing self in a changing world. • As we get older, it is important for us to be individuals, different from other people. • In this usage, consciousness is “self”.

14. Consciousness as a waking state • Consciousness also applies to our waking state compared to sleep • “altered states of consciousness”. Distorted perceptions of reality Examples include: • Hypnosis • Meditation • Biofeedback • Effects of psychoactive drugs

15. DOL • 1. When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as a) a stream of thought. c) stream of sensorium.b) a metaphysical concept. d) sensory awareness.

16. DOL • The professor just said that everyone in the class is to focus on their home environment. When they think of home, that is an example of a thought being brought out of the • a) unconscious. c) preconscious.b) subconscious. d) nonconciousness.

17. DOL • As we develop, we differentiate ourselves from other people and other things. We develop a sense of being persons, which we usually call thea) self. c) ego.b) persona. d) integra. • When we refer to consciousness as not being sleep, a trance, meditation, or any other distorted state of perception, we are defining consciousness asa) the self. c) the waking state.b) suppression. d) all of the above.

18. Warm Up: Tues, Nov 13 Listen as Ms. Bishop reads to you 14 questions (p. 233 of the book). Mark T for true on your paper or F for false.

19. Review from yesterday • 1. When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as a) a stream of thought. c) stream of sensorium.b) a metaphysical concept. d) sensory awareness.

20. Review from yesterday • The professor just said that everyone in the class is to focus on their home environment. When they think of home, that is an example of a thought being brought out of the • a) unconscious. c) preconscious.b) subconscious. d) nonconciousness.

21. Review from yesterday • As we develop, we differentiate ourselves from other people and other things. We develop a sense of being persons, which we usually call thea) self. c) ego.b) persona. d) integra. • When we refer to consciousness as not being sleep, a trance, meditation, or any other distorted state of perception, we are defining consciousness asa) the self. c) the waking state.b) suppression. d) all of the above.

22. Objective and DOL Objective DOL • WWBAT describe the cycles of sleep, and explain why we need sleep. • SWBAT answer 3 mc questions on sleep stages and write a paragraph convincing a friend why “all-nighters” are a bad idea.

23. Facts about sleep: • One third of our adult lives are spent in sleep. • Experts recommend 8 hours of sleep per night yet the typical adult in the U.S. gets less than 7 hours a night. • The Circadian rhythm cycle • regulates our sleep-wake patterns, and • is connected with the earth’s 24hr rotation. • Without environmental cues: • the cycle increases to 25 hours, and • we sleep about 10 of those hours.

24. Figure 5.2 The Stages of Sleep. This figure illustrates typical EEG patterns for the stages of sleep. During REM sleep, EEG patterns resemble those of the lightest stage of sleep, stage 1 sleep. For this reason, REM sleep is often termed paradoxical sleep. As sleep progresses from stage 1 to stage 4, brain waves become slower and their amplitude increases. Dreams, including normal nightmares, are most vivid during REM sleep. More disturbing sleep terrors tend to occur during stage 4 sleep.

25. Five Stages of Sleep • Once we close our eyes, our brain waves slow down to 8-13 cycles/sec (alpha waves). • Stage 1 • Brain waves slow down further to 6-8 cycles/sec (theta waves). • Hypnagogic state may occur (brief photograph like images). • Stage 1 lasts 30-40 min. • Stage 2: • Brain waves slow to 4-7 cycles/sec • Sleep spindles or brief bursts of brain activity 12-16 cycles/sec occur. • Stages 3 and 4: • Brain waves slow to 1-3 cycles/sec (delta waves) during stage 3, these same delta waves slow down to 0.5-2 cycles/sec in stage 4. • Difficult to wake a person in stage 4 sleep.

26. Figure 5.3 Sleep Cycles. This figure illustrates the alternation of REM and non-REM sleep for the typical sleeper. There are about 5 periods of REM sleep during an 8-hour night. Sleep is deeper earlier in the night, and REM sleep tends to become prolonged in the morning.

27. Functions of Sleep There are still many questions about why we sleep. • Lack of sleep for several nights leads to impairments in: • Attention, • learning, and • memory. • The amount of sleep we need is related to • genetics, • stress, and • age. • Sleep, Learning, and Memory • Being REM deprived interferes with memory. • Once REM deprived, person can catch-up REM sleep in later sleep periods.

28. DOL 1. Which stage has “sleep spindles?” 2. When does REM sleep occur? 3. Which stage of sleep gives you photo-like images. • Write a paragraph convincing a friend why “all-nighters” are a bad idea.

29. Warm Up: Wed, Nov 14 • Are people who are less successful more likely to dream or fantasize? Why?

30. Consciousness Dreams and Daydreams

31. Objective and DOL Objective DOL • WWBAT explain the 5 theories of dreaming, and the three theories of day-dreaming • Given a hypothetical common dream, SWBAT analyze the dream’s meaning/purpose according to the 5 theories.

32. Dream Theory groups • Get into your groups from yesterday and complete the first three columns. • Column one: name of theory that is in bold on your sheet • Column 2: explanation of the theory • Column 3: Give a hypothetical dream situation, and how that dream would be interpreted according to your theory.

33. Jigsaw! • Find people from other groups to complete your graph. Talk to 4 different people. • Person with the lowest number teach first. • Then person with the higher number teach them about the theory. • You are responsible for completely filling out your chart

34. Warm Up: 5/13 • You dreamt that you were running through a field of daisies with a (fill in good thing here… puppy, cute boy/girl) etc.) Analyze this dream according to the 5 dream theories: • Residue of the day • Unconscious desires • Protecting sleep • Activation-synthesis model • Help us consolidate memories

35. Dreams: What is the Stuff of Dreams? • Dreams involve imagery in the absence of external stimulation and usually occur during REM sleep. • Theories on Dream Content • Dreams involve activities or content from day. • Freud theorized that dreams reflect unconscious wishes and urges. • Activation synthesis model suggests that ACh and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming. • PET scans show that the brain’s frontal lobes are shut down during sleep. • Memories are replayed and consolidated during sleep. • Dreams are the by-products of brain testing.

36. Daydreams/Fantasies • Differ from other dreams because they occur while awake. • We can guide and get “lost” in them. • Some think they are a sign of a life that lacks enrichment or enjoyment, but they can provide pleasure and allow for contemplation of future possibilities. • What is a question you have about day dreams/fantasies?

37. Sexual Fantasies • Is it normal to have sexual fantasies? • Yes, it is normal (most people do) to have sexual fantasies. • 98% of men do. What percent of women do you think do? • 80% • Differences in fantasies • 84% of people have fantasies during sex. Most find this normal, beneficial, and socially acceptable. 25% felt guilty, but were more likely to have dissatisfaction or problems in actual lives. • There is a connection between deviant fantasies and being socially alienated or emotionally unstable.

38. Aggressive Fantasies • When (what age group?) are aggressive fantasies most common? • aggressive fantasies are most common in adolescence. • Differences between dreams and day dreams of adolescense. • One study of college students found many had at least some fantasies about homicide. Obviously, most fantasies aren’t acted upon. • Women and aggressive fantasies

39. Fantasy-Prone individuals • Some people tend to day dream and fantasize more than others, and do so more vividly • More prone to the instructions of hypnotists.

40. Sleep Disorders - Insomnia • Not being able to sleep. • National Sleep Foundation (2000b) reports that as many as 58% of American adults are affected by insomnia in a given year. • Females (61%) are more likely to report difficulties sleeping than are males (53%). • Factors contributing to insomnia include: • Stress • Pain • Children • Partner’s snoring • Pauses in partner’s breathing • Individuals with insomnia may increase its severity by attempting to force sleep.

41. Sleep Disorders - Narcolepsy • Sudden and irresistibly falling asleep. • Affects 100,000 people in a given year. • Appears to run in families. • Typically lasts 15 minutes. • May be accompanied by sleep paralysis • Thought to be a disorder of REM sleep • Stimulants and antidepressant drugs have helped some individuals.

42. Sleep Disorders - Apnea • People stop breathing numerous times per hour. • Apnea is associated with obesity and chronic loud snoring. • Apnea is related to: • high blood pressure, • heart attacks, • strokes. • May be caused by anatomical deformities that clog air passages and problems in the breathing centers of the brain. • Treatment includes: • weight loss, • Surgery, and • continuous positive airway pressure.

43. Deep Sleep Disorders • Because deep sleep disorders (stage 3 or 4) are more common in children, they may reflect an immaturity of the nervous system. • Sleep Terrors • Bed Wetting • Sleep Walking

44. Altering Consciousness Through Hypnosis • Hypnosis • An altered state of consciousness where people appear highly suggestible • Began with Franz Mesmer (mesmerize) in the 18th century • Mesmer proposed that the universe in connected by forms of magnetism. • Today hypnosis is used to help people reduce anxiety or overcome fears. Also used to help people deal with pain, stress, enhance the functioning of the immune system losing weight, and prompting memories.

45. Characteristics of People Who are Hypnotizable • Hypnotic Suggestibility • Knowledge of what is expected during trance. • Prone to Fantasy • Compartmentalize unwanted memories, • Want to cooperate with the hypnotist. • It is extremely unlikely that someone could be hypnotized against their will.

46. Controversy in Psychology How do Psychologists Explain Hypnosis? • Role Theory • People allow themselves to enact this role under the hypnotist’s direction. • Response Set Theory • Response expectancies play a role in the production of personal experiences or the experiences suggested by the hypnotist. • Neodissociation Theory • People can selectively focus their attention on one thing and dissociate from things going on around them rather than rely on a trance.

47. Altering Consciousness Through Meditation • Meditation refers to focusing consciousness in order to alter one’s relationship to the world. • Can also refer to the process of suspending thinking and allow the world to fade away. • Transcendental meditation (TM) • TM was shown to reduce heart rate and respiration rates as well as blood pressure. • Meditators produce more frequent alpha waves. These waves can improve sleep.