Lesson One

1. Lesson One TSWBAT: CO 1. Summarize the events that occur during the first week of fertilization CO 2. Describe the structures that protect and nourish the embryo and fetus LO 1. Complete a flow chart about the early stages of development

2. Critical Vocabulary Zygote Amniotic sac Placenta Embryo Umbilical Cord Blastocyst Fetus Implantation

3. Development Before Birth The united egg and sperm is called a zygote. The zygote undergoes repeated cell divisions as it travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. The growing structure is called an embryo from the two cell stage until about nine weeks after fertilization. About 5 days after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus. By this time, the embryo is made up of a sphere of about 50 to 100 cells surrounding a hollow center. This sphere is called a blastocyst. The process of the blastocyst attaching itself to the wall of the uterus is called implantation.These structures –amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord- protect and nourish the developing embryo and later the fetus.

4. Amniotic Sac The amnioticsac is a fluid filled bag of thing tissue that develops around the embryo after implantation. The embryo floats within this sac in amniotic fluid. The placenta is the structure that develops from the attachment holding the embryo to the wall of the uterus. Within the placenta, oxygen, nutrients, and other substances move from the mother’s blood into the blood vessels leading to the embryo. The umbilical cord is a ropelike structure that develops between the embryo and the placenta. It is within this cord that blood vessels carry materials between the placenta and the embryo. Major body systems and organs start to form in the embryo during the first two months of development. From the third month until birth, the developing human is called a fetus.

5. Fetus During the third to six month, the fetus begins to move and kick, the sense organs begin to function, and the fetus alternates periods of activity with periods of sleep. From the seventh to the ninth month, the body of the fetus increases in size and body fat accumulates. At the end of the ninth month, the fetus is ready to be born.

6. Warm Up Quick Quiz: Which of the following statements made by a married couple do you think are good reasons for having a baby? Chose one or more. Writing: In a paragraph, describe the factors that a married couple should consider before they have children.

7. The Beginning of the Life Cycle 1. Complete the flowchart about the early stages of pregnancy. • Fertilization occurs when a single sperm is united with an egg. • ____________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________ d. __________________________________________________ e. __________________________________________________

8. Development in the Uterus 2. Complete the concept map about the structures that surround a growing embryo. Structures in the Uterus include the umbilical cord amniotic sac placenta which is also known as through which • __________ • _____________ c.____________ _____________ b. __________ _____________

9. Fetal Development 3. Complete the table about different stages of embryonic and fetal development. • __________________________________ • __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ c. __________________________________ __________________________________

10. Vocabulary Activity:The Embryo and Surrounding Structures After the embryo implants in the uterus, it continues to develop. Several other structures grow along with the embryo. These structures protect the embryo and help nourish it. On the following side fill in the drawing with the names of t he numbered structures.

11. Application

12. Review • What happens during the first week of human development? • What happens during implantation? • What three structures protect and nourish the embryo, and later the fetus? • What is the placenta? What is its function? • How does a fetus change between the third and sixth months of pregnancy? Critical Thinking Relating Cause and Effect: Why is it an unhealthy decision for a pregnant woman to drink alcohol?

13. Lesson Two TSWBAT: CO 1. Identify four behaviors that are essential for a healthy pregnancy. CO 2. Explain the importance of prenatal care throughout pregnancy. LO 1. Give examples of procedures that are essential for prenatal care.

14. Critical Vocabulary Prenatal care Ectopic pregnancy Obstetrician miscarriage Trimester Preeclampsia Ultrasound gestational diabetes Chorionic Villus sample amniocentesis

15. A Healthy Pregnancy Getting proper nutrition and exercise and avoiding drugs and environmental hazards are especially important both before and throughout pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman needs to eat about 300 more calories per day than usual. In addition, several nutrients play key roles in development of an embryo’s neutral tube. Besides good nutrition, regular physical activity during pregnancy helps increase energy levels and helps reduce the risk of health problems such as diabetes. A woman should abstain from alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs as soon as she plans to become pregnant. These substances, along with some drugs that are typically safe outside of pregnancy, can harm a developing embryo or fetus. Some substances in the environment can also cause harm. Pregnant women should avoid X-rays, lead and mercury, and cat feces.

16. Prenatal Care Prenatal care is medical care during pregnancy. An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in pregnancy and childbirth. The chances of having a healthy baby greatly increase if the mother visits her doctor or clinic for regular checkups throughout pregnancy. Pregnancy is divided into three periods of time called trimesters. Each trimester is about three months long. Routine prenatal care visits over the course of a pregnancy usually include measuring the sized of the uterus and fetus, monitoring fetal heartbeat, and checking for complications. Medical tests and technology can help monitor the health of the fetus during pregnancy. An ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of the developing fetus. Using ultrasound, a doctor can tell the age, sex, and developmental progress of a fetus, or detect the presence of more than one fetus.

17. Villus Sampling In chronic villus sampling (CVS), the doctor removes and tests a small piece of the developing placenta for abnormalities. Amniocentesis involves removing and testing fetal cells found in the amniotic fluid. Both CVS and amniocentesis are performed only when the fetus is at higher risk for a genetic disorder. Problems can occur anytime during pregnancy. In an Ectopic pregnancy, the Blastocyst implants in the fallopian tube or elsewhere in the abdomen, instead of in the uterus. Miscarriage is the death of an embryo or fetus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Over 20 percent of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, sometimes before a woman even knows she is pregnant. Preeclampsia, also called toxemia, is a condition in which the mother has high blood pressure and high levels of protein in the urine.

18. Diabetes during Pregnancy Diabetes that develops in pregnant women is called gestational diabetes. Timely treatment for Preeclampsia and gestational diabetes can reduce the chance of negative consequences for the mother and fetus.

19. Warm-up Myth: A pregnant woman doesn’t need to visit the doctor until she begins to show, or look pregnant. Fact: Regular doctor visits from the beginning of pregnancy until the birth are recommended to ensure health. Writing: List some other do’s and don’ts for pregnant women. Review and update your list when you complete the section.

20. Staying Health During Pregnancy 1. Complete the table with details about staying healthy during Pregnancy.

21. Important Nutrients During Pregnancy protein calcium Vitamin A Folic acid iron B-complex

22. Prenatal Care 2. For each trimester of pregnancy, give one example of a routine procedure performed during a prenatal visit. • First Trimester ________________________________ • Second Trimester ______________________________ • Third Trimester _______________________________ 3. List and describe three technologies doctors may use to monitor a pregnancy. • _______________________________________________ • _______________________________________________ • _______________________________________________

23. Complications of Pregnancy 4.

24. Letter Imperfect Write every sentence that reveals a poor or wrong decision on the writers part. Mother-to-be. Hi, Sis! Ted and I are really excited at the prospect of being someone’s daddy and mommy. You should see the way Ted is fawning all over me! Last night at 11:30, he went out in the pouring rain to get me cigarettes and candy. He’s going to be a terrific father. As you know, Mom has been on my case now for 3 months to see the doctor even though I feel great. People of our parents’ generation sure have some oldfangled ideas! Do you remember Mom telling me back when I first found out I was pregnant that you would actually have a midwife deliver your baby? What century is she living in? Anyway, Ted, Jr., is doing fine. The doctor did a sonogram- you know, a picture of my womb- and said the baby is around 14 inches long. We have a picture, and it is so cute- little Teddy is sucking his thumb! I’m going to have to cut this letter short,Sis. I’ve got another headache and have to go take something. Don’t tell Mom I’ve been having headaches. If she finds out, shell start hounding me to call the doctor- as if I need his permission to take an aspirin! I’ll write again soon. Love, Carla

25. Letter Imperfect • At what stage of pregnancy is Carla? How can you tell? • ________________________________________________ • 2. Is Carla getting proper prenatal care? Explain your answer. • _________________________________________________ • 3. What misconception does Carla have about health care professionals? • _________________________________________________ • 4. Based on Carla’s personal habits, what serious health risks may her • fetus be facing? • _________________________________________________

26. Surgery Before Birth What can be done if prenatal tests reveal a life-threatening condition in a fetus? In some cases, doctors can perform prenatal surgery- that is, a surgery before birth. Diagnosis: An MRI shows that a shared blood vessel between twin fetuses is depleting blood from the smaller twin-the donor. The larger twin-the recipient- is getting too much blood. Without intervention, both twins would likely die. Surgery: The doctor makes a small incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. Using a tiny instrument called an endoscope, the doctor locates the shared blood vessel and closes it off. Now each twin will have a separate blood supply.

27. Review • List four healthy habits that a pregnant woman should adopt before and during pregnancy. • Why is prenatal care so important throughout pregnancy? • About how long is each trimester of a pregnancy? • What is Chorionic villus sampling? Under what conditions is it sometimes recommended? • Describe three symptoms of Preeclampsia. How is it treated? Critical Thinking Compare and Contrasting How are Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis alike? How are they Different?

28. Lesson Three TSWBAT CO 1. Identify the three stages of the child birth process. CO 2. Describe four complicating factors that may arise at birth. LO 1.Create, and complete a graphic organizer with details about complications that might occur at birth.

29. Critical Vocabulary Certified Nurse-Midwife Labor Postpartum Period Cesarean Section Premature Birth Low Birth weight Multiple Birth

30. Child Birth Most couples choose to have their baby in a hospital. Some couples choose to have the babe at home or in another setting with the help of a certified nurse-midwife. A certified nurse-midwife is a nurse who is trained to deliver babies. Birth takes place in three stages-labor, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the after birth. Labor is the work performed by the mother’s body to push the fetus out. Strong contractions of the muscles of the uterus cause the cervix to increase in width, or dilate. Near the end of labor the amniotic sac breaks, and the cervix becomes softer and wide enough for the fetus to pass through. During the actual birth, or delivery of the baby, contractions of the uterus continue to push the baby out of the mother’s body. Contractions continue after the baby is born. These contractions push out the placenta, or afterbirth.

31. Postpartum Period The postpartum period is the first six weeks after the baby is born. During this time, the baby adjusts to life outside the uterus and forms strong bonds with its parents. The mother also goes through changes. Hormones cause the breasts to produce milk and the uterus to shrink back to its normal size. Changes in hormone levels can also cause “baby blues,” which are feelings of sadness in the mother that pass after a few days. Problems that can occur during the birth process. Some complications result in a surgical delivery or premature birth. Low birth weight and the birth of more than one baby may also cause complications. In addition, very rarely, a pregnancy may end with a stillbirth. A still birth occurs when a fetus dies and is expelled from the body after the 20th week of pregnancy.

32. Cesarean Section A cesarean section is a surgical method of birth that may be done is vaginal delivery is dangerous for the mother or fetus. A premature birth is the delivery of a live baby before the 37th week of pregnancy. The earlier the birth, the more problems a baby can have. A newborn that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth is said to have low birth weight. Both premature and low birth weight babies have an increased risk of health problems, both as newborns and throughout life. The delivery of more than one baby is called multiple birth. Multiple births carry greater risk to the mother and babies, and are closely monitored by doctors. Multiple births can be twins, triplets, quadruplets, or more. Twins can be identical or fraternal.

33. Identical Twins Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg that divides into two identical embryos very early in development. Fraternal twins occurs when two eggs are released and fertilized by two different sperm.

34. Warm-up Health Stats: How does smoking during Pregnancy affect the risk for low birth weight? Writing: Propose a plan that would help decrease the number of pregnant women who smoke.

35. The Birth Process 1. Complete the flowchart about the birth process. Labor • ______________________________________________ • ______________________________________________ Delivery of Baby b. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Delivery of Afterbirth c. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

36. Write down the correct answer. • The time after birth in which the newborn and the parents adjust is called… • __a. the post-birth period • __b. the postpartum period • __c. the afterbirth • 3. Complete the graphic organizer with details about complications at birth. Main idea: Some complications result in a surgical Delivery or premature birth. Low birth weight may also cause complications Surgical Delivery Premature birth Low birth weight d.___________ ________________ g.___________ ________________ a.About 25% of All deliveries b.___________ ________________ c.___________ ________________ e.___________ ________________ h.___________ ________________ f.___________ ________________ i.___________ ________________

37. Multiple Births 4. Complete the table about the different types of twins. • _____________________ • _____________________

38. Practice /Application 6. The uterus begins a series of contractions. 1.The umbilical cord is clamped and cut These are the various stages or events in the child birth Process. In your note-book arrange the childbirth Process in the correct order. 7. Eye drops are put in the baby’s eyes to prevent infection. 2. The baby’s heel is pricked for a blood sample. 8. The contractions are only a few seconds apart. 3. The cervix becomes wide enough that the baby can pass through. 9. The baby’s mouth and nose are suctioned to make breathing easier. 4. The amniotic sac breaks. 10. The baby is pushed out through the cervix and vagina. 5. The placenta is developed

39. Review • What are the three stages of birth? • Describe what happens during labor. • What is the postpartum period? List two changes that happen in the newborn and two changes that happen in the mother during this period. • What are the four complicating factors that may arise at birth? • What is a cesarean section? Give two reasons why a cesarean section may be performed . Critical Thinking Relating Cause and Effect Describe two risk factors for low birth weight.

40. Lesson Four CO 1. Describe the changes that children undergo during early childhood CO 2. Identify key areas of development that occur during middle and late childhood. LO 1. Complete the concept map with details about middle and late childhood.

41. Critical Vocabulary Pre-adolescence

42. Childhood From birth to age six, children change from helpless babies into confident individuals who can do many things for themselves. At birth, many of a baby’s organ systems are not fully developed. A newborn has limited physical skills, but can nurse, cry, and direct its gaze. By the time a baby is three or four months old, the brain, nerves, and muscles are ready for more coordinated movement. And by 18 months of age, a baby has probably learned to sit, crawl, stand, and walk. Most children learn to talk between 18 months and 3 years of age. Arms and legs grow longer and children start to lost their baby like appearance. During this time, children learn to do things for themselves, and their confidence grows.

43. Middle Childhood During middle and late childhood, muscles and bones continue to grow, and coordination continues to develop. During these years, children start to learn higher-level thinking skills and continue to learn values, such as honestly and fairness. Around age 10, the approval of friends and need to fit in with a social group become very important.

44. Physical Growth Between the ages of 3 and 6 years old, children become more independent and active. They also begin school, learn how to behave in a group, and start to develop a sense of right and wrong. Physical growth, mastering new skills, and making friends are key areas of development during middle and late childhood. Middle childhood is the period between 6 and 8 years old. Late childhood, or pre-adolescence, is the stage of development before adolescence, between the ages of 9 and 12.

45. Stages of Development Erikson’s Stages of Development Erik Erikson believed that a person’s life could be divided into eight stages of development. Each stag is associated with a developmental task that involves a person’s relationship with other people and with the world around. Whether or not a person masters the task of a particular stage, he or she moves on to the next stage of development. If the task was not mastered, it affects the way the individual handles the next stage of development. Stage one: InfancyBirth to 1 yearStage Two: 1-3 Early childhood Characteristic of stage: Child Characteristics of stage: Child is completely dependent on is learning to control own body others to meet his or her to do things on his or her own, needs. and to separate from parents. Developmental Task: to develop Developmental Task: to develop trust-a sense that others will be autonomy-confidence in one’s own there to help. ability to tasks oneself If not mastered: mistrust- the sense If not mastered: shame and doubt- That one is alone. A lack of confidence.  Stage Three: 3-5 Middle Childhood Stage Four: 6-11 Late Childhood Characteristics of stage: child begins Characteristics of Stage: child explores To make decisions and to think of and surroundings and must master more and carry out projects. more difficult skills. Developmental Tasks: to develop initiative Developmental Task: to develop industry ability to create one’s own play interest in making objects and performing activities If not mastered: guilt-feeling guilty about If not Mastered: inferiority-feeling that one is The actions one takes unable to succeed.

46. Adolescence to Maturity and Death Stage Five: 12-18 Adolescence Stage Six: 19-30 Young Adulthood Characteristics of Stage: adolescent searches Characteristics of Stage: person tries to develop for his or her identity. close personal relationships Developmental Task: to develop one’s own Developmental Tasks: to develop intimacy-forming a Identity-a sense of who one is. Strong relationship with another person. If not Mastered: role confusion being mixed If not Mastered: isolation-being alone. Up over the many roles one plays. Stage Seven: 31-60 Middle Adulthood Stage Eight: 61-Death Maturity and Old Age Characteristics of Stage: Person tries to Characteristics of Stage: Person tries to understand life achieve something in work and is concerned Developmental Task: To develop integrity-feeling meaning of own life with the well-being of complete and satisfied with one’s life children and community If not Mastered: Despair-feeling that one’s life has not Developmental Task: To develop generatively- been satisfying. the sense that one has contributed something to society. If not Mastered: Self-absorption-being concerned only with one’s own needs.

47. Early Childhood • Birth to Eighteen Months • a. _______________________________ • ______________________________ • Eighteen Months to Three Years • c. ________________________________ • d. ________________________________ • Three to Six Years • e. ________________________________ • f. ________________________________ 1. Complete the flowchart about early childhood

48. 2. Complete the concept map with details about middle and late child hood. Middle Childhood Areas of Growth in middle and late childhood Social Physical Mental e.__________ __________ a.__________ __________ c.__________ __________ b.__________ __________ f.__________ __________ d.__________ __________

49. Next Caller A popular call-in TV program has invited an expert on childhood development to field phone calls. That expert is you. Below are problems two of the callers are experiencing with their children. Respond to each caller, being sure to mention the development tasks involved in each situation.

50. Phone call from Dorie of Midville: “My daughter Alfreda, who is three, insists on dressing herself each morning. I am as eager as anyone for her to become self-sufficient, but lately I’ve been losing patience. I have a job to get to, and I just can’t wait around all morning. My husband says my scolding is harming our child. Don’t you think he’s just making a mountain out of a molehill and that Alfreda will turn out fine?” Dear Caller: ______________________________________________________ Phone call from Allan J. of Center City: I’d like to know why kids are such slobs theses days. Take my son, who just turned eight. He recently discovered the joys of making model sports cars out of kits. What he hasn’t discovered is how to clean up after himself. Day in and day out his mother and I try to impress upon him the importance of cleaning up the little bits of plastic and glue, and the other messes he makes. All that happens, though, is that he looks at us with these sad, puppy-dog eyes. It’s as if he hasn’t heard a word we’ve said! How can we get through to him?” Dear Caller: ______________________________________________________