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summary of psyhodynamic theories of personality
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“persona” – theatrical mask worn by actors • Pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior.
In science, theories are tools used to generate research and organize observations, but neither “truth” nor “fact” has a place in a scientific terminology. • It is a set of related assumptions that allows scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses. • Assumption - component of a theory that are not proven facts in the sense that their validity has been absolutely established. • Result of which continue to build and reshape the original theory
WHY STUDY PERSONALITY THEORIES? • Social Worker uses theory to help organize and make sense of the situations we encounter. • Thus, theory gives us a framework for interpreting person/ environment transactions and planning intervention.
PERSONALITY THEORIES • Psychodynamic Theories • Humanistic Existential Theories • Trait Theories • Social-Cognitive Theories
SIGMUND FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS • The father of psychoanalysis • He insist that people are motivated primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness.
Pre-conscious Unconscious Consciousness Censorship
UNCONSCIOUS, PRECONSCIOUS AND THE CONSCIOUS MIND • Contains all the drives urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions. • Explains our dreams, slip of the tongue and certain kinds of forgetting called “repression”. • Unconscious processes often enter into consciousness but only after being disguised or distorted enough to elude censorship
Pre-conscious Unconscious Consciousness ID SUPER-EGO EGO
ID, EGO AND SUPER-EGO • ID • Completely unconscious • No contact with reality but continues to strive to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires. • Follows the pleasure principle. • No morality (Illogical with incompatible ideas) • Operates through the primary process. Because it blindly seeks to satisfy the pleasure principle, its survival is dependent on the development of a secondary process to bring it into contact with the external world.
ID, EGO AND SUPER-EGO • SUPEREGO • Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality. • Guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles. • No contact with reality and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection. It strives blindly and unrealistically toward perfection. • Acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through the process of repression. • Has two sub-systems: Conscience & Ego-ideal • Guilt is the result when the ego acts—or even intends to act—contrary to the moral standards of the superego. • Feelings of inferiority arise when the ego is unable to meet the superego’s standards of perfection.
ID, EGO AND SUPER-EGO • EGO • In contact with reality, thus becomes the decision-making or executive branch of personality • Governed by the reality principle, which it tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of the id. • It is partly conscious, partly preconscious, and partly unconscious, the ego can make decisions on each of these three levels. • The ego constantly tries to reconcile the blind, irrational claims of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the external world.
Dynamics of Personality • People are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety. • Dynamic, or motivational principle - explains the driving forces behind people’s actions. • Derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives.
Drives • Refer to a drive or a stimulus within the person. • Drives differ from external stimuli in that they cannot be avoided through flight. • Many referred to this as ‘instinct”. • These drives originate in the id, but they come under the control of the ego. • Basic group: Sex/Eros &Aggression/Thanos • Libido - the psychic energy from the sex drives
SEX • The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. • Freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido • Sexual pleasure stems from organs other than the genitals.
AGGRESSION • The destructive drive. • It’s aim is to return the organism to an inorganic state. • Aggression is flexible and can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation. humor, and the enjoyment of other people’s suffering.
ANXIETY • A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger. • Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS • Repression • Reaction Formation • Displacement • Fixation • Regression • Projection • Introjection • Sublimation • Compensation • Denial • Rationalization • Intellectualization
CARL JUNG AND THE ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY • Assumption: Occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone. • Each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors. • Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites. • Credited to coin “psyche” as referred to the totality of the human mind • Dialogue between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche enriches a person • Without this dialogue, the unconscious processes can weaken or even jeopardize the personality
Conscious, Collective Unconscious and the Unconscious Ego CONSCIOUS Personal Unconscious UNCONSCIOUS Collective Unconscious
Conscious, Collective Unconscious and the Unconscious • Personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. • Collective unconscious has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. • Universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are shared with other members of human species • Ego - the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality. • Ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of. • Self - the center of personality that is largely unconscious.
Archetypes • Images and themes that derive from the collective unconscious • More like patterns • FUNCTIONS: • Organize memories in the collective unconscious into themes; • Send the themes into the conscious mind to be utilize when the right situation arises
PHYSCHOLOGICAL TYPES grow out of a union of two basic attitudes and four separate functions.
ATTITUDES • A predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. • A set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. • Are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behavior.
FUNCTION OF ATTITUDES • They help determine personality orientation, or types. • Modes of psychic adaptation • THINKING • FEELING • SENSING • INTUTION • ASSUMPTIONS: • Behavior is individual and predictable • Preferences are inborn and well established by adulthood • We use both poles at different times, but not with equal confidence • All of the types are equally valuable
Stages of development • Childhood • Youth (puberty – mid-30s’) • Middle Age (35-40 yrs old) • Old Life
ERIK H. ERIKSON AND THE THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • Erikson believes that personality develops in a series of stages. • He placed more emphasis on the external world, meaning depression and wars. • The three key factors to Erikson’s theory are the interaction of the body, mind, and cultural influences.
Early Childhood Google image https://canvas.highline.edu/
ChildhoodStage Google image https://canvas.highline.edu/
