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Impact of Air Pollution on the Respiratory System

This chapter explores the effects of air pollution on the respiratory system, including pollution-related health issues, the anatomy of the respiratory system, and diseases like asthma and emphysema. Discover how pollution affects lung function and why respiratory health is crucial in combating pollution.

joelle-gillespie
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Impact of Air Pollution on the Respiratory System

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  1. The Respiratory System Chapter 18

  2. Pollution. What is it? 1st and Last Image Air pollution in London • What is it? • What causes it? • How does it effect us? • What body systems does it effect?

  3. Air Pollution has direct links to: • Cancer • Birth defects • Genetic Mutations • Asthma complications: ER visits, Higher number of cases • Pollution related premature deaths due to breathing difficulties.

  4. Problems with Air Pollution • Decrease in the Ozone layer • Cataracts: clouding of the eyes • Skin cancer • Lung burn • Increase in Global Warming • More CO2 in the ocean • PH of Ocean increasing= species death.

  5. In order to see how air pollution effects the human body we need to take a closer look at the main system effected: the respiratory system. How it works, and what can go wrong.

  6. General Overview of the Respiratory system. • General Function: • Take air from outside the body and bring it into the lungs. • Filters • Exchanges CO2 and O2 • Removes CO2 from the body O2 in The lungs

  7. What is Respiration? • The general process of taking air from the outside and bringing it to the body cells • Used for cellular respiration in the mitochondria- to make ATP

  8. How can pollution effect the lungs? • Watch, take notes and see! Pollution in the lungs

  9. . . Review: How does Air get into the lungs and then to the body?

  10. . .

  11. The Organs of the Respiratory System • Nose • Made of cartilage, anchored by bone and cartilage.- never stops growing. • Nostrils- opening which lets air through. Problem: Deviated Septum: Crooked nostrils • Nostrils have hair- filters or prevents large items from entering any further.

  12. Pharynx • Located dorsal to the Nasal Cavity but superior to the Larynx. • Fork in the road. Shoots food down towards the esophagus (digestive system) and shoots air down to the trachea. • Intubation- When a patient can’t breath, and is unconscious, an endotracheal tube is inserted. Physicians must visualize the pharynx and intubate towards the larynx and lungs not down the esophagus. Intubation Clips

  13. The pharynx as a common pathway for food and air.

  14. The Larynx • Enlarged area atop the trachea. • Made of muscle and cartilage which is bound together by elastic tissue. • Contains the vocal cords. • Sound is produced when air squeezes between the vocal cords, causes vibrations, causing sound waves. Words are formed when the shape of the larynx and oral cavity is changed by moving your lips and tongue.

  15. Normal vocal chords to the left. Smokers vocal chords to right.

  16. Cilia – tiny hairs Trapped particles - dust, pollen, pollution The Trachea • AKA the Windpipe • Flexible 2.5 cm diameter tube. Starts from below the larynx continuing downward until it splits into 2 bronchi. • Inner walls contain ciliated mucous membranes which trap particles. The trapped particles are pushed up into the pharynx for removal (cough)

  17. The cilia sweep the mucous trapped particles to the nose. • .

  18. More on the Trachea • Made of C-shaped pieces of cartilage. • When food enters the esophagus, it pushes against the trachea- the soft tissue allows it to collapse, and the C-shaped pieces of cartilage provide enough support to prevent the trachea from collapsing. • Try swallowing and taking a breath at the same time. Why is this difficult?

  19. The Bronchial Tree • From the trachea to the left and right lung. • The trachea branches into the Right and Left Primary bronchus. • Then branches into secondary and finally tertiary bronchi ultimately leading to the bronchiole and the Alveoli. • Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries (where gas exchange takes place).

  20. Review Quiz Are you ready?

  21. How do you Breathe? • Inspiration: Diaphragm and external intercostals contract, the size of the thoracic cavity increases. Internal pressure= 758 • Expiration: Diaphragm and external intercostals relax, the size of the thoracic cavity decreases. Internal pressure= 762. • ATM: Atmospheric Pressure= 760 CPR Video Lung Sounds

  22. Pons and Medulla control center of breathing. Location: Brain Stem • .

  23. Read: pg. 400-401 • What is “The bends”? • What is Nitrogen narcosis? • Why can scuba diving be dangerous? • How can you minimize these dangers?

  24. Diseases Take Notes of: Symptoms Observations Treatments Prognosis

  25. Asthma: coughed up mucous plug Better Asthma Link

  26. Emphysema: Enlarged bubble-like air sacks. • .

  27. Emphysema: Normal (L), Diseased (R) Carbon spots from pollution.

  28. If you want to feel what its like to have emphysema, try taking a deep breath and hold it. Without letting out any air, take another deep breath. Hold that one too. One more time, take one more breath. Okay let it all out. That second or third breath is what it feels like to breathe when you have advanced emphysema. Emphysema is a disease where you cannot exhale air. Everyone thinks that it is a disease where you cannot inhale but in fact it is the opposite. When you smoke you destroy the lungs elasticity by destroying the tissue that pulls your lung back together after using muscles that allow us to inhale air. So when it comes time to take your next breath it is that much more difficult, for your lungs could not get back to their original shape. Imagine to live struggling each breath like those last two breaths. Unfortunately, millions of people don't have to imagine it, they live it daily. It is a truly miserable way to live and a slow painful way to die.

  29. Tuberculosis: TB/ Consumption Contagious, Airborne bacteria. Lives about 5 min. Antibiotics can cure. Causes lungs to bleed, drown in your own blood.

  30. Compare a healthy lung (L) to a cancerous lung (R) Carbon spots from pollution.

  31. Oat Cell Carcinoma: no surgical cure, infiltrates, less 5% survival .

  32. Asbestos: Microscopic image in lung, body coats it with Ca+ and Fe+

  33. Notice the build up of scar tissue in the lower lung and the cancerous mass. No cure. Treatment is prevention of respiratory illness and careful examination by X-ray for cancer. Oxygen therapy helps as lungs loose elasticity.

  34. How has pollution influenced the previous diseases? • Asthma • Emphysema • Carcinoma • Asbestos • TB (transferable in crowded areas, but not associated with pollutions.) • What can you do if you are inflicted and live in a polluted area. Monitor the AQI: Air quality index. Pollution in the lungs

  35. What can be done? • * Replacement of the internal combustion engine • * Elimination of the use of fossil fuels • * The Kyoto Protocol or Kyoto Treaty • * City planning and mass transit. • * Reduced emissions from industry and auto.

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