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Radio

Radio. The first electronic mass medium. Early broadcasts. 1 st experimental broadcast 1910 U.S. inventor Lee DeForest 1 st non-experimental public program Nov. 2, 1920 Radio station KDKA Pittsburgh. Early Radios. Issues Required headphones; limited to 1 listener at a time

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Radio

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  1. Radio The first electronic mass medium

  2. Early broadcasts • 1st experimental broadcast • 1910 • U.S. inventor Lee DeForest • 1st non-experimental public program • Nov. 2, 1920 • Radio station KDKA Pittsburgh

  3. Early Radios • Issues • Required headphones; limited to 1 listener at a time • Poor reception, static • Programs few and infrequent

  4. Growth of Radio • 2 years after 1st broadcast, 1.5 million radios in the U.S. • More than 500 broadcast stations • Chain, now known as a network: • 1st linking of radio stations • Jan., 1923 • Broadcast concert in NY and Boston simultaneously

  5. Impact on Culture • Brought music (popular and classical) to thousands who had no access to live music • Created national interest in sports • Helped create national heroes out of sports stars • Gave rise to fans who knew all about nationally famous teams

  6. Financing Radio • Publicity • Entertainers agreed to perform on radio because of the publicity it generated • American society of composers, authors, & publishers • As early as 1922, members of this group demanded to be paid for the right to air their music • Annual fees • Paid by stations – ranged from $100’s to $1,000’s • Ad time • 1st radio commercial – long announcement by an apt. complex in NY for $50 • Toll stations- stations that aired ads

  7. The Birth of the FCC • Rapid growth of radio caused some problems: • Frequencies overlapped • Interference from competing stations • Gov’t regulation was needed to keep order • Herbert Hoover (Sec. of Commerce in 1922) played major role in developing radio system controlled by business yet closely watched by gov’t

  8. Radio Act of 1927 • Created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) • Developed as a result of Hoover’s efforts • 1934, FRC replaced by FCC

  9. Federal Communications Committee (FCC) • Licenses radio stations • Controls many of the technical aspects of broadcasting • Transmitter power • Wavelength • Antenna height

  10. Programming Formats • After WW II, radio resembled today’s television in several ways: • People listened to specific programs • Radio dominated by 3 major networks • Growth of tv and increasing # of radio stations changed nature of radio, and various programming formats developed

  11. Profits down • With so many stations available, it was no longer possible for 1 station to deliver to a large enough audience to make a network profitable • Not enough advertising $ to go around • Energy/development $ being spent on television • Radio lost network-supplied programs and became local medium

  12. Local Stations • Turned to phonograph records • Disc jockeys • Broadcasts of “rip and read” news items • Inexpensive programs that would attract advertisers • Talk shows • Sports broadcasts • All news

  13. Narrowcasting • Carefully selecting music to attract a certain segment of the population to deliver to advertisers

  14. FM (frequency modulation) Radio • The introduction of FM Radio brought revenues to an all-time high • FCC decided AM stations that owned FM outlets should not be allowed to broadcast the same signal on both stations all the time • Limits placed on the amount of time an AM station could simulcast – created demand for new type of programming different than AM

  15. FM Radio, cont’d • FM filled this programming void • Forum for Rock n’ Roll music • 1970’s practically overwhelmed AM • 1980’s – explosion of specialized program formats • Trend of narrowly targeting people with particular taste in music continued through 1990’s and is still the case today

  16. Satellite Radio • Developed in the 1990’s, satellite radio has become increasingly popular • Privately held companies received permission from the FCC to launch satellites and blanket the nation with digital radio programming • Digital sound signals are sent via satellite to any radio with proper receivers • 2 main types of satellite radios, Sirius and XM – merged in 2009

  17. Satellite Radio and Regualtion • FCC cannot regulate content, as it is a paid service (like HBO/Cinemax are to tv) • Satellite radio does not rely on advertisers for revenue, again, as it is a paid subscription • Most stations commercial-free (my favorite perk!) • That’s all, folks!

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