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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. chapter 7. ENERGETICS ch 6&7 the Big Picture. Autotrophs ex. Plants make Glucose from CO 2 , H 2 O and Light in their chloroplasts . B. Autotrophs & Heterotrophs make ATP From C 6 H 12 O 6 & O 2 in their mito chondria.

jerry-nunez
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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration chapter 7

  2. ENERGETICS ch 6&7the Big Picture • Autotrophs ex. Plants make Glucose from CO2, H2O and Light in their chloroplasts. B. Autotrophs & Heterotrophs make ATP From C6H12O6 & O2 in their mitochondria.

  3. Q: Animals are heterotrophs… what do they need to live? A: Food, Oxygen, Water Q: WHY??? A: To make ATP so their cells can do cellular work. Ex. powering: active transport, cell division, protein synthesis. Q: How is food turned to ATP? A: The biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration OXIDIZES food, removing electrons and H+, which are used to create ATP by chemiosmosis.

  4. ATP Chemical work Mechanical work Transport work Membrane protein Solute P Motor protein P Reactants P P P Product P Solute transported Protein moved Molecule formed ADP  P

  5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS… The complex biochemical pathway… • Series of linked chemical reactions in which • the product of the first reaction is a reactant in the next By which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds. 1. Carbohydrates (easiest) 2. Proteins 3. Lipids

  6. Enzymes are used at each step in the process… • What do you remember about enzymes?

  7. ENZYMES • Protein (polypeptide made of amino acids) catalysts of reactions that aid in all steps of metabolism. • Shape of “active site” is specific for a certain substrate- so there is a different enzyme used in each rxn. • Lower the amount of activation energy needed to start a rxn- so they speed up reactions. • Are reused. • Examples from this unit: Coenzyme A , water splitting enzyme, ATP synthase, Rubisco,. • Enzymes assist in every step of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

  8. ACTIVATION ENERGY Amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

  9. HERE’S A REACTION WITH A HELPER… A CATALYST. ENZYMES are biological catalyst.

  10. SOME RELEASE ENERGY ex. cellular respiration

  11. SOME REQUIRE ENERGY ex. Photosynthesis .

  12. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP OXIDATION is losing electrons (and protons) C6H12O66 CO2 + 12 H+ + 12 e- Glucose is oxidized REDUCTION is gaining electrons (and protons) 6 O2 6 H2O Oxygen is reduced The electrons are picked up by “electron carrier molecules” and transported to the Electron Transport Chain of proteins where they do work.

  13. Energy Molecules: ATP & NADH A molecule that gains a phosphate group is PHOSPHORYLATED. e- e- H+ ATP NADH NAD+ ADP A molecule that gains electrons is REDUCED. A molecule that loses electrons is OXIDIZED.

  14. Energy Molecules Phosphate group Carrier Molecules 1. ATP(energy carried in bond between phosphate groups) Electron Carrier Molecules 2.NADPH(energy carried as 2 electrons and 1 proton or H+) 3.NADH(energy carried as 2 electrons and 1 proton or H+) 4.FADH2(energy carried as 2 electrons and 2 protons or H+)

  15. cellular respiration’s breakdown of glucose begins with the biochemical pathway of GLYCOLYSIS • means“to cut a sugar” • CREATES: • 2 ATP • 2 NADH • 2 pyruvic acid

  16. GLYCOLYSIS TWO PHASES: • Energy investment requires 2 ATP • Energy payoff: creates 2 NADH creates 4 ATP PRODUCTS: • 2 NADH • 2 ATP (net gain) • 2 pyruvic acid Note: only the carbon Skeleton is shown. There Are oxygens & hydrogens also

  17. What happens after glycolysis is determined by the presence or absence of oxygen…

  18. (without oxygen) Anaerobic Respiration FERMENTATION lactic acid NAD+ Ethyl alcohol carbon Dioxide NAD+ (with oxygen) Aerobic Respiration OXIDATIVE RESPIRATION 6 CO2 8 NADH 2 FADH2 up to 36 ATP 6 H20 molecules

  19. Glycolysis & Fermentation Q: If fermentation doesn’t produce any more ATP then why bother with it??? A: fermentation restores NADH to NAD+, NAD+ is essential for glycolysis.

  20. If oxygen is present… reactions occur in the MITOCHONDRIA • Oxidation of Pyruvate • Reduction of NAD+ & FAD • Electron Transport Chain • Proton Pumping • Concentration Gradient • Chemiosmosis • ATP synthesis

  21. Pyruvic acid conversion to Acetate&The Krebs Cycle • pyruvic acid diffuses into the matrix & is oxidized • NAD+ is reduced NADH. • A molecule of CO2 is given off • The remaining 2 carbon fragment (acetate)joins with co-enzyme A 1. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and joins with a 4 carbon compound (OAA) 2. 2 more CO2 are released and the energy is transferred into: 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP 3. OAA is regenerated 4. Process repeats

  22. Pyruvic acid conversion to Acetate&The Krebs Cycle • pyruvic acid diffuses into the matrix & is oxidized • NAD+ is reduced NADH. • A molecule of CO2 is given off • The remaining 2 carbon fragment (acetate)joins with co-enzyme A 1. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and joins with a 4 carbon compound (OAA) 2. 2 more CO2 are released and the energy is transferred into: 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP 3. OAA is regenerated 4. Process repeats

  23. Electron Transport Chain • NADH and FADH2 supply electrons to the ETC. • Series of proteins that electrons travel through. • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC- water is formed. • Some energy is used to pump H+ into the Inter Membrane Space. • CHEMIOSMOSIS • Kinetic Energy of H+ diffusing through ATP synthase channels is used to produce 34 ATP. • (2 + 2 + 34 = 38)

  24. Electron Transport Chain • NADH and FADH2 supply electrons to the ETC. • Series of proteins that electrons travel through. • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC- water is formed. • Some energy is used to pump H+ into the Inter Membrane Space. • CHEMIOSMOSIS • Kinetic Energy of H+ diffusing through ATP synthase channels is used to produce 34 ATP. • (2 + 2 + 34 = 38)

  25. VOCAB SCRAMBLE ATP NADH FADH2 NADPH ATP synthase ADP PSII PS1 Water oxygen pigments chloroplast Mitochondria Coenzyme A CO2 Calvin Cycle Krebs Cycle chemiosmosis RUBP PGAL Glycolysis ETC Rubisco protonpump Photons NAD+ FAD NADP+ Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll B carotenoids PGA Make a VENN DIAGRAM showing these words’association PHOTOSYNTHESIS BOTH RESPIRATION

  26. VOCAB SCRAMBLEPHOTOSYNTHESIS BOTH RESPIRATION • used WATER formed • formed OXYGEN Used • formed GLUCOSE used • Rubisco ENZYME Co-A • chloroplast ORGANELLE mitochondrion Pigments: Chlorophyll A&B, Carotenoids glycolysis • Photons-Photosystems 1 &2 • Endergonic RXN Exergonic • NADP+/NADPH electron carriers NAD+/NADHFAD/FADH2 • Calvin CYCLE Krebs • RuBP OAA • ATP/ADP ATP synthase • ETC/proton pump/chemiosmosis

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