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Chapter 3. 3.1: Modeling the Planet. Modeling the Planet Maps. A Globe is three dimensional. This makes it hard to fold. Maps are two dimensional so they contain distortions. Cartographers are map makers. Map Projections.
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Modeling the PlanetMaps • A Globe is three dimensional. This makes it hard to fold. Maps are two dimensional so they contain distortions. • Cartographers are map makers.
Map Projections • Map Projections are representations from a sphere to a flat surface.
Mercator Projections Copy the drawing on the left
How do map projections distort Earth’s surface?http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0301/es0301page01.cfm
Latitude and Longitude • Hemispheres “Hemi” means half. • Equator Divides N and S hemispheres.
Prime Meridian Divides E and W hemispheres. • Latitude - 90 degrees from Equator to poles. • Longitude - Converges towards the poles.
Map Scales • The scale of the map tells you how the map’s features compare in size with the Earth’s surface.
Example; how far is it from City Hall to the Public Library?
Map Orientation • If you are using a local map, hold the map in front of you looking in the direction you are going. • Most maps today are made with the top showing a north direction.
State Standard 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…
Quiz1. Globes are not flat. They are considered ___ dimensional.2. Of the three map projections discussed, which would show a polar region best?3. Which shows your position north of the Equator, Latitude or Longitude?4. What do we call the zero degree line of Longitude?5. What do we look for on a map to figure out how many miles one inch equals?
Evidence for Rotation • In 1851 Jean Foucault showed that the Earth rotated using a pendulum. Pendulum demo
Effects of Rotation • Day and night. • Measuring time. • Standard time zones. • International Date Line.
“How do latitude and longitude coordinates help us see patterns on Earth?”http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0303/es0303page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation Latitude and Longitude map activity…
State Standard 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…
Quiz1. T / F Pendulums can prove that the Earth is really rotating.2. The North and South Pole are where the Earth rotates on its ___________3. Since it takes 24 hours for the Earth to rotate, it is divided up into ____ time zones.4. Time zones divide hours, the International Date Line divides ______
How Cartographers Traditionally Worked • The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has mapped the entire United States. • During the late 1800 and early 1900s, plane-table surveying was used to draw the Earth’s features.
How Technology Has Changed Mapmaking • Once the first photos were taken from airplanes, map making changed quickly.
Radar became another very useful tool. • Because it uses radio waves, it can see through clouds and also be used at night.
Satellite Technology • In 1972, NASA launched the first satellite to photograph the Earth. • Called “Landsat 1”, it took photos in different wavelengths than normal color photos. • This is called “false-color image”. • It gives us the ability to see different types of vegetation, temperature, and movement.
Computer Technology • Today we use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to know our exact location, speed, and direction. • GPS uses 24 orbiting satellites to continually measure your position. • All the user needs is a receiver. Data can be displayed as lat/long or on a moving map.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) combines satellite with statistical and traditional surveys to make maps. • Sometimes referred to as computer mapping, GIS allows maps to be stored, altered, and displayed in a variety of ways.
New Ways to Print and Produce Maps • In the past, maps had to be printed. • This process required the lines be drawn by hand and then different colored presses were used in stages. • Today, we print maps using color printers. Computers allow us to make changes quickly and easily for updates.
State Standard 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…
Quiz1. T / F During the 1800 and 1900s, plane-table surveying was used.2. Airplanes can now photograph the Earth using Radar with can see through ______3. False-color imaging allows us to see different types of vegetation and _________4. Today we can use _____ to see our exact location.5. GIS allows _______ to be stored, altered, and displayed in a variety of ways.
Topographic Maps • Topographic maps show topography – surface features
Contour lines • Contour interval
Slope and elevation
“Earth's Varied Topography” http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0307/es0307page01.cfm?chapter_no=03
State Standards 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…1h - Read and interpret topographic and geologic maps.
Quiz1. T / F Topographic maps show us the surface features of the Earth.2. Why are contour lines always level(flat)?3. Closely spaced contour line show us what kind of slope - steep / gradual ?4. The color blue on a topographical map represents?5. Why do we have magnetic declination?
