Kingdoms and Domains

1. Kingdoms and Domains By: Brittnie, Candelaria, Kevin, and John

2. The Tree of Life Evolves • During Linnaeus’s time science was simple among the differences of living things. • There were only the Animalia and Plantae kingdoms • Later on biologists found that there were microorganisms like bacterium from plants and animals. Soon scientists knew that microorganisms had to be from their own kingdom that they called Protista • Then, mushrooms and mold from plants ended up having a kingdom of their own called Fungi. • Later scientists realized some bacteria lacked nuclei like mitochondria and chloroplasts. So they have a kingdom called Monera

3. The Monera kingdom • Later on biologists found that in the Monera group the microorganisms were in 2 distinct groups so the Monera kingdom became 2 separate kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria Monera Eubacteria Archaebacteria

4. The Three Domain System • Using a molecular clock model, scientists grouped modern organisms according to how long they have been evolving independently. • Molecular analysis has led to a new taxonomic category called a Domain - a more inclusive category than any other, it is on level higher than a kingdom.

5. There are 3 Domains • Eukarya- composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals. • Bacteria- corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria • Archaea- corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria When scientists find new info about organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea, these domains may be subdivided into additional kingdoms. Modern classification = rapidly changing science

6. In these three domains there are 6 kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

7. The domain Bacteria • Includes only the Eubacteria kingdom • The members of the domain bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic • The cell walls contain peptidoglycan • Most of the cells are different • Some cells are photosynthesized while others are not • Some need oxygen to survive while others are killed by oxygen

8. Includes only the Archaebacteria kingdom • Members of the domain Archaea are also unicellular and prokaryotic. • The cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan and the cell membranes contain unusual lipids • Most cells are similar • Many can only survive with absence of oxygen • They live in extreme environments • Ex. Volcanic hot spring The domain Archaea

9. The domain Eukarya • Includes the four remaining kingdoms • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia • All organisms are eukaryotes (have a nucleus)

10. Protista Fungi • Kingdom composed of unicellular organisms • Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs • Kingdom composed mostly of multicellular organisms • Ex. Mushrooms • a unicellular organism is yeast • All are heterotrophs but are different from other heterotrophs. They secrete digestive enzymes into their food and absorb the smaller food molecules into their bodies. • Most feed on dead or decaying organic matter • Have cell walls of chitin

11. Kingdom composed of photosynthetic multicellular organisms • Ex. Cone-bearing and flowering plants as well as mosses and ferns • All are autotrophs • Most plants are nonmotile (cannot move) and their cells have cell walls containing cellulose • Kingdom composed of multicellular organisms • All are heterotrophs • Most animals can move and cells lack cell walls Plantae Animalia