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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. The Progressive Era 1890 - 1920. 1. The Drive For Reform. Reformers crossed social, economic, political lines Beliefs: Industrialization and urbanization had created troubling social and political problems Wanted society and government to help people

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 The Progressive Era 1890 - 1920

  2. 1. The Drive For Reform • Reformers crossed social, economic, political lines • Beliefs: • Industrialization and urbanization had created troubling social and political problems • Wanted society and government to help people • Use logic & reason to solve problems • End corrupt government • Similar to populism but more middle class

  3. Drive for Reform cont. • Some sought political reform • Vote for women • End political machines that allowed some to prosper while others lived in dangerous conditions • Big business – break up the trusts • Social – stop the growing gap between rich and poor, child labor, conditions, etc.

  4. Reform cont. • Muckrakers – journalists and writers who exposed the “muck” – ugliest side of life • Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities • Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, photographer who turned his camera on the urban poor • Ida Tarbell, The History of Standard Oil, about Rockefeller’s ruthless tactics • Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, about the horrors of the meatpacking industry

  5. Reform of Society • Social Gospel – follow the Bible’s teachings about charity and justice to help society • Settlement houses – provided social services to the poor • Jane Addams – Hull House • Child labor laws, more educational opportunities • John Dewey urges students to think not memorize facts • Help industrial workers • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911 leads to reforms in industry (killed 146 – mostly young women)

  6. Reforming Government • Cities switch to city commission form of local government after the hurricane of 1900 (worst natural disaster in American History – 8,000 killed) • Direct primary – people voted in local elections directly to put officials on upcoming ballots • Initiative – people could put law on ballots by getting signatures on a petition • Referendum – could approve or reject laws passed by local legislatures • Recall – voters could remove corrupt officials from office • 17th Amendment – direct election of senators • Progressive governors – Bob LaFollette (WI), Teddy Roosevelt (NY), Woodrow Wilson (NJ)

  7. 2. Women Make Progress • WCTU – Temperance movement picks up • Margaret Sanger – birth control, fewer children, better quality of life • Florence Kelley – Nat’l Consumer League – safer products for the home • Ida B. Wells – rights for African American women (had also protested lynching) • Carrie Chapman Catt – NAWSA – lobbied for women’s suffrage • Alice Paul • 19th Amendment – suffrage (right to vote)

  8. 3. Struggle Against Discrimination • Americanization – tried to make immigrants more “American” • Disturbed by alcohol use; customary in many countries • Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal” is ok • Washington & DuBois want reform (different strategies) • Niagara Movement demanded immediate change (DuBois) • NAACP forms after riots in Springfield, IL (after attempted lynching)

  9. Discrimination cont. • Urban League – focused on poor workers; provided clothes, books, helped find jobs • Anti-Defamation League – to defend Jews • Mexican, Native, and Asian Americans also form groups to fight prejudice and discrimination

  10. 4. Roosevelt’s Square Deal • President after McKinley’s assassination; youngest; Secretary of Navy • Square Deal – keep wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of poor, but not that government should take care of the lazy • Trustbusting – enforces Sherman Antitrust Act • Meat Inspection Act – processing plants • Pure Food and Drug Act – today enforced by the FDA

  11. Roosevelt cont. • Conservationist – w/John Muir; outdoorsman • Reserve land for public use – Yosemite National Park • Water Reclamation Act – govt. would regulate water, manage dams, reservoirs • New Nationalism – restore govt. trustbusting powers • Progressive Party – “Bull Moose”

  12. 5. Wilson’s New Freedom • 1912 – Democratic Woodrow Wilson • New Freedom Plan – control corporations • Lowered tariffs so American workers could buy foreign if U.S. products got too high • 16th Amendment – Income Tax  • Federal Reserve Act – holds reserve funds for banks, sets interest rates, supervises banks

  13. Wilson cont. • Federal Trade Commission – Monitored business practices that might lead to monopoly (FTC) • Clayton Antitrust Act – specified activities that businesses could not engage in, protected labor unions • Enforces the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

  14. Legacy of Progressivism • More government protection of people’s lives • More control over people’s lives • Helped children, natural resources, public health, working conditions, regulated businesses

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