Day 7 – Nationalism in India and SW Asia And 20 th Century technology changes

1. Enduring Understandings • International conflict often leads to domestic changes. • 3. In times of crisis, people often turn to strong leaders in search of stability. • 5. Conflicts of the 20th Century were rooted in political and ideological differences around the world. Day 7 – Nationalism in India and SW Asia And 20th Century technology changes • 14. How does WWI help propel Indian Nationalists to work for independence? • 15. How is Gandhi’s satyagraha (civil disobedience) different from the Russian Revolution and the Chinese Civil War as a means to achieve political change? Which method is better? Explain why. • 16. Describe the movements for independence in Arabia, Iran and Turkey. How do these compare to India, China and Russia? Agenda Review page 15 about the rise of Indian and other nationalism. Read page 16 Gandhi’s explanation of “satyagraha” and explain how Gandhi’s method of achieving national independence compares with Lenin and Mao. Complete page 17 about the changes in society and technology. Which change seems to be the most important? Which will have the greatest impact on your lives? Is there a central thread that runs through the science, art and social changes?

2. Gandhi1869-1948 Gandhi was the preeminent political and spiritual leader of the Indian Independence movement. Gandhi led the campaign to rid India of British rule. He relied on peaceful methods to achieve his goals. His trademark approach to protest was known as Satyagraha- “resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience firmly founded on Non- Violence”. • Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for achieving many goals: • easing poverty, • expanding women's rights, • building religious and ethnic amity • increasing economic self-reliance, • but above all the INC worked tirelessly for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.

3. Gandhi Growth of Indian Nationalism catapults Gandhi to the forefront of the Indian Independence Movement. – video link Key events cause Indian unity and anger towards British: 2. WWI- unfulfilled promise of Freedom after many Indians fought in Europe for Britain and with Wilson’s 14 points promising self-determination. 3. Rowlatt Act- Prison for protestors up to 2 years for with no trial. Resulted in violent protests because it denied fundamental civil right of jury trial 4. Amristar Massacre- 10,000 Indians come to protest, unaware that it is illegal. Brits think the crowd has gathered as a defiant act, open fire- kill 400, wound 1,200. Led to millions of Indians shifting allegiance from Britain to becoming Indian nationalists. 5. Campaign of satyagraha “civil disobedience” Indians revolt through mass, non-violent means including economic boycott such as making one’s own thread, fabric and clothing. 6. Gandhi’s most memorable protest was known as the “Salt March”. In 1930 a march was held to defy the Salt Acts which required Indians to buy salt only from government and pay tax to government. 230 mile march to the Sea to make own salt. 60,000 people put in Jail.

4. Gandhi

5. Gandhi

6. Gandhi Gandhi’s efforts result initially in the Government of India Act of 1935, which establishes “Self Rule” for India. Not full independence. India would remain part of the British Empire as a “Dominion of the Crown” until January 26, 1950.

7. Turkey gains becomes a Republic (sorta) • During a time of civil unrest Ottoman Empire had a weak Sultan (remember from the time of Suleiman the Magnificent rulers would kill their best sons to prevent the sons from overthrowing them – leading to increasingly inept rulers.) • After WWI in 1919 the Sultan was unable to deal with a Greek invasion. • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), a military officer, led the defense of Turkey • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) then leads a revolution against the Sultan • The Republic of Turkey is created in 1923 • Elected legislature • Freedom of Religion (Islam is removed from connection to state) • European-style courts • Government funded industrialization and education

8. Persia becomes Iran • After WWI, Britain tries to take over political and economic control of Persia. • Like Ataturk in Turkey, Reza Khan, an army officer, leads a revolt • Reza Khan crowns himself Shah Reza Pahlavi • The new Shah also creates a legislature (Majlis) but all power remains in his hands. • Modernizes Iran’s • Schools • Roads • Industries • Transportation • economy

9. Saudi Arabia is created • Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud is the patriarch of a powerful Arab family • During WWI he negotiates with the British (who had imperialized all of Arab and many Muslim lands) • Saud unites many Arab clans, and in 1932 creates the country, Kingdom, of Saudi Arabia • It has lots of oil • Governed according to Islamic Law

10. Keys to scientific, artistic and cultural changes in the 1920s • The horrors, brutality and seemingly meaninglessness of WWI lead to popular changes in our view of the world • Science and psychology challenged our comfortable view of the concreteness of the world and our understanding of it an ourselves • Art – literature, music, and fine arts represented human discomfort at our own existence • Philosophy of the existentialists described these discomforts - there no longer was to be meaning in life or an after-life except what each individual created for himself through will, free choice and taking responsibility – there was to be longer a central set of rules – it was a very individualistic philosophy • Music like jazz, culture like the flappers social changes further eroded many traditional ways of life – further illustrating the existentialist view on life • As many individuals adopted a kind of existentialism, airplanes, cars, radio, movies brought many in the world closer together – ironically leading to economic catastrophe