Lesson One

1. Lesson One TSWBAT: CO 1. Identify risky behaviors associated with the current epidemic of sexually transmitted infections CO 2. Describe behaviors that can help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections. LO 1. List the short and long-term effect of STIs.

2. Critical Vocabulary Sexually Transmitted Infections

3. Risks of Sexual Activity Any pathogen, or disease-causing agent that spreads form one person to another during sexual contact is a sexually transmitted infection, STI. These infections are sometimes called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) STIs are harmful for several reasons. Physically and emotionally, they cause pain, discomfort, and embarrassment. They also increase the chances of certain cancers, and infertility. More than $10 million is spent in the United States each year for problems related to STIs. Many STIs can be treated with medicine, but some are incurable. People do not develop immunity to STIs. They can get new infections again and again.

4. Risky Behaviors There are several risky behaviors that account for the current STI epidemic, including ignoring the risk of sexual contact with multiple partners, and not getting proper treatment when necessary. Many people who are sexually active do not take precautions against infection. A person with many sexual partners increases his or her chances of getting an STI. If not treated , the chances are good that the person will spread an STI to others. Healthy behaviors such as practicing abstinence, avoiding drugs, and choosing responsible friends are ways to avoid STIs. The most certain way to avoid STIs is the practice of sexual abstinence. Sexual abstinence means not having sexual intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex.

5. Illegal Drugs and STIs People who use illegal drugs or steroids can get certain STIs when they share needles that have been contaminated with the blood of an infected person. Alcohol and drugs also play an indirect role in the STI epidemic because these substances impair a person;s ability to think clearly. Engaging in sex when using alcohol or drugs puts people at risk of getting STIs. Going out in groups and choosing friends who practice abstinence and avoid drugs make it easier to follow healthy behaviors.

6. Warm-up Quick Quiz: Which of these statements do you think are true? Which are false? Writing: For each of your responses, explain why you gave the answer you did. Review you answer after reading this section.

7. The Silent Epidemic 1. List two short-term and two long-term health effects of STIs. a. Short-term effects __________________________________ _________________________________________________ b. Long-term effects __________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2. Complete the graphic organizer by explaining how each risky behavior contributes to the STI epidemic. Main idea: There are several risky behaviors that account for the current STI epidemic Ignoring Risks Multiple Partners Not seeking treatment a. __________ b. __________ c. _________ ____________ ____________ ___________ ____________ ____________ ___________ ____________ ____________ ___________

8. Chlamydia in Young Americans Lets Review the chart on Cases of Chlamydia in 10-19 year olds. Why do you think young people are especially at risk for STIs?

9. Avoiding STIs 3. Complete the concept map about behaviors that can help people avoid STIs. Ways to Avoid STIs include a._________ b. __________ c. __________ _________ __________ _________ which is so that who can help you resist peer pressure you can think clearly the most certain way to avoid STIs

10. Review • What is a sexually transmitted infection? • What are three risky behaviors that contribute to the current STI epidemic? • Explain how practicing abstinence, avoiding drugs, and your choices of friends can help you avoid STIs. Critical Thinking 4. Relating Cause and Effect: how is the fact that some STIs have few or no symptoms related to the STI epidemic?

11. Lesson Quiz 1 • D • A • C • A • B • True • True • False • False • False

12. Lesson Two TSWBAT: CO 1. Identify three of the most common STIs including their symptoms and treatment. CO 2. List four other STIs and describe their symptoms. CO 3. Know when a person should seek treatment for an STI. LO 2. Using an organizer list the cause, symptoms, and treatment for common STIs.

13. Critical Vocabulary Trichomoniasis Urethritis Vaginitis Human Papilloma virus Chlamydia Chancre Pelvic inflammatory disease Gonorrhea Syphilis Genital Herpes

14. Warm-up Myth: Fact: Writing: Do you think most teens are aware that some STIs are not easily treated? And that some may persist for years? Explain your answer.

15. Kinds of STIs STIs are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan that can live in the reproductive organs of males and females. Some live in the blood. STIs can be spread through blood and body fluids such as semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Anyone with symptoms of an STU should see a doctor right away. Three of the most common STIs in the United States are trichomoniasis, human papilloma virus, and Chlamydia. The STI known as trichomoiasis is caused by a protozoan that infects the urinary tract or vagina. In males, if trichomoniasis is not treated, it can lead to inflammation of the lining of the urethrea, called Urethritis. In females, untreated trichomoniasis can lead to Vaginitis, which is a vaginal infection or irritation. The most common viral STI in the United States is caused by the human papilloma virus or HPV. HPV can cause genital warts. In females, HPV can lead to cancer of cervix. Regular Pap smears can detect this cancer.

16. Chlamydia The most common STI caused by bacteria in the United States is Chlamydia. This infection can be cured with antibiotics. If untreated, Chlamydia can caused an infection of the reproductive organs called pelvic inflammatory disease can lead to infertility or Ectopic pregnancy. Other STIs include hepatitis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and syphilis. Hepatitis B and C are STIs that attack the liver. They can be diagnosed by a blood test. There is no cure for either infection. A bacterial STI that infects the urinary tract of males and the reproductive organs of females is gonorrhea. Treatment requires antibiotics. A pregnant woman can pass the infection to her baby during birth. Newborn babies are given medicated eye drops at birth to prevent infection of the eyes.

17. Genital herpes Another STI caused by a virus is genital herpes. There is no cure for genital herpes. The virus can cause blindness or death when passed to an infant during childbirth. Syphilis is a serious STI caused by bacteria. In the first stage, a painless sore called a chancre, appears at the site of exposure. People who participate in high-risk behaviors should get medical checkups every six months. Individuals who suspect they may be infected should seek prompt medical attention. A person who suspects an STI infection should stop all sexual activity and see a doctor.

18. 1. Complete the table identifying each STI. Kinds of STIs

19. Seeking Treatment 2. Complete the flowchart with the steps to follow for treating STIs. • ___________________________ • ___________________________ • ___________________________ • ___________________________ 3. Why is it important that people with SITs notify their sexual partners? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

20. Review • What are three of the most common STIs in the United States? What type of pathogen causes each STI? • Why is pelvic inflammatory disease a serious problem in women? • List the symptoms of hepatitis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and syphilis. • Which stage of syphilis is characterized by the appearance of a chancre? • When should a person seek treatment for STIs? Critical Thinking 6. Classifying: Which of the STIs that you learned about in this section can be treated but not cured? Which can be cured if treated early?

21. Lesson Quiz 2 • C • F • A • E • D • False • True • False • False • False

22. Lesson Three TSWBAT: CO 1. Explain how HIV infections leads to AIDS. CO 2. Describe how HIV is transmitted from person to person. CO 3. Summarize the state of HIV infection and AIDS throughout the world. LO 3. Complete an organizer details how AIDS can spread.

23. HIV and AIDS The most serious incurable STI is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV. HIV infections can lead to AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is an often fatal disease of the immune system. HIV attacks specific cells in the immune system, disabling the body’s defenses against other pathogens. When the immune system becomes severely disabled, the infected person has AIDS. An HIV infections progresses through three stages. • The Asymptomatic stage, when there may be no symptoms for several years. • The symptomatic stage, when an HIV-infected person may begin to have symptoms. This stage may not occur until 7 to 10 years after infection with HIV. • AIDS, which is marked by a very low number of helper T cells. This person’s immune system is no longer able to fight off infections.

24. Opportunistic Infections Infections that attack a person with a weakened immune system are called opportunistic infections. Some opportunistic infections are tuberculosis, fungal infections, and certain kinds of pneumonia and cancers. Individuals infected with HIV can pass the virus on to someone else through the exchange of blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk. There are four main ways that HIV is spread from person to person: through sexual contact, shared needles, or contact with blood, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth, or breast- feeding. HIV is not transmitted by causal contact, such as hugging or holding hands. With risk of getting HIV from blood transfusions is extremely small.

25. Global Health Problem With the approximately 40 million people infected around the world, HIV and AIDS represent a global health problem. The main goal of international organizations is HIV education. In addition to prevention education international organizations also provide medicines to millions of infected people in countries most affected by HIV and AIDS.

26. Warm-up Health Stats: What health trend does this graph reveal? Writing: What factors might account for this trend?

27. HIV Infection • How do doctors monitor the progression of an HIV infection? • Complete the flow chart with details about the stages of and HIV • infection. • Asymptomatic Stage • _________________________________ • Symptomatic Stage • b. __________________________________ • AIDS • c. __________________________________ 3. Define the term opportunistic infections. ___________________ ______________________________________________________.

28. T Cell Count and HIV Infection Clinical diagnosis of AIDS # of helper T-Cells per milliliters of blood 6-12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

29. Opportunistic Infections Common AIDS OIs include tuberculosis as well as: • Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAX or MAI) • Cryptococcus (Cryptoccal Disease) • Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia • Toxlplasmosis Gondii (Toxo) • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) • AIDS-Related Cognitive Motor Dysfunction • Periperal Nerve/Spinal Cord Dysfunction.

30. Transmission of HIV 4. Complete the graphic organizer by adding details about the way that HIV can spread. Sexual contact a. ___________ Shared needles b. ___________ Transmission of HIV Contact with blood c. _________ Mother to Baby d. __________ • Global Problem • 5. On which two continents are the rates of HIV and AIDS increasing • most quickly? • 6. List two main goals of international organizations that are working to • combat HIV and AIDS around the world. • _______________________________________________________ • _______________________________________________________

31. Review • Explain how HIV affects the immune system and how it eventually leads to AIDS. • What is meant by an opportunistic infection? Give an example. • What are four ways that HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person? List three ways HIV is not transmitted. • Which region of the world accounts for the majority of HIV infections? Critical Thinking 5. Evaluating: HIV is more common in poorer countries that in wealthier countries. Why do you think this might be the case?

32. Lesson Quiz 3 • B • C • A • F • D • B • A • C • C • C

33. Lesson Four TSWBAT: CO 1. Identify three behaviors that can prevent the spread of HIV. CO 2. Describe how a person gets tested for HIV. CO 3. Describe the goal of HIV prevention. LO 4. Create a Mini-Notebook on HIV and AIDS; cause, treatment, transmission, risky behaviors and prevention.

34. Critical Vocabulary Universal Precautions HIV-positive Viral load

35. Protecting Yourself from HIV and AIDS You can protect yourself from HIV by practicing abstinence, avoiding drugs, and avoiding contact with others’ blood and body fluids. The best way to avoid HIV and AIDS is to practice sexual abstinence. Also, do not inject illegal drugs, and avoid sexual contact with anyone who uses illegal drugs. Never share personal items that may have blood or other body fluids on them. To reduce the risk of HIV transmission, doctors, nurses, dentists, dental hygienists, and other healthcare provides practice universal precautions. Universal precautions involve wearing gloves, gowns, make masks, and disposing of needles properly. For people who are married, partners need to practice sexual fidelity. Sexual fidelity is practiced when both partners agree to have sexual contact only with one another.

36. HIV Test People who do not practice sexual fidelity, but who are sexually active, can reduce the risk of HIV infection by using a latex or polyurethane condom during every sexual encounter. Condoms serve as a physical barrier against HIV. In an HIV test, a person’s blood is tested for antibodies to HIV. If antibodies are detected, a second test is done to verify the result. A person who is diagnosed as being infected with HIV is said to be HIV-positive. A person who is HIV-positive needs to notify all previous sexual partners so that they can be tested and start treatment as soon as possible. If an HIV infection is recent, a blood test may not be accurate. This is because it takes time for antibodies to appear in the blood. If no antibodies appear in a person’s first blood test, the person should be tested again in three months.

37. HIV Treatment The main goal of HIV treatment is to keep the person’s immune system functioning as close to normal as possible. To keep an infected person’s immune system working well, treatment has to do two things. The treatment must keep the person’s viral load-the number of virus particles circulating in the body-as low as possible. The treatment must also keep the person’s helper T cell count as high as possible. The most common treatment for HIV infection today is HAART, which stands for Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. HAART uses a combination of drugs to reduce an infected person’s viral load. People who are HIV-positive must practice healthful behaviors. No one needs to be fearful of having casual contact with a person who is HIV-positive.

38. HIV Test For people who are married, partners need to practice sexual fidelity. Sexual fidelity is practiced when both partners agree to have sexual contact only with one another. People who do not practice sexual fidelity, but who are sexually active, can reduce the risk of HIV infection by using a latex or polyurethane condom during every sexual encounter. Condoms serve as a physical barrier against HIV. In an HIV test, a person’s blood is tested for antibodies to HIV. If antibodies are detected, a second test is done to verify the results. A person who is diagnosed as being infected with HIV is said to be HIV-positive. A person who is HIV-positive need to notify all previous sexual partners so that they can be tested and start treatment as soon as possible. If an HIV infections is recent, a blood test may not be accurate. This is because it takes time for antibodies to appear in the blood. If no antibodies appear in a person’s first blood test, the person should be tested again in three months.

39. HIV Treatment The main goal of HIV treatment is to keep the person’s immune system functioning as close to normal as possible. To keep an infected person’s immune system working well, treatment has to do two things. The treatment must keep the person’s viral load-the number of virus particles circulating in the body-as low as possible. The treatment must also keep the person’s helper T cell count as high as possible. The most common treatment for HIV infection today is HHART, which stands for High Active Antiretroviral Therapy. HAART uses a combination of drugs to reduce an infected person’s viral load. People who are HIV-positive must practice healthful behaviors. No one needs to be fearful of having casual contact with a person who is HIV-positive.

40. Warm-up Dear Advise Line, Writing: Write a response to this teen, encouraging her to choose abstinence. What would you tell her about the risk of becoming infected with HIV and other STIs? Begin your Response with Dear Teen…

41. Preventing HIV infection 1. Complete the table with details about ways to prevent HIV infection.

42. Testing for HIV 2. Complete the flowchart with details about what happens after an HIV test is performed. HIV Test Antibodies Detected No Antibodies Detected Next Step a. __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Next Step b. __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________

43. Treatment for HIV • 3. What two goals must HIV treatment accomplish in order to keep a • person’s immune system functioning as close to normal as possible? • ____________________________________________________ • ____________________________________________________ • 4. List five healthful behaviors that people who are HIV-positive should • practice. • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________

44. Triple Threat Trace the reaction of HIV as it is blocked by medication Combining these drugs seem to be the most effective strategy in halting the virus. The cocktail works best when administered within a few months of Infection. ATZ 3TC PROTEASE DRUG DNA 1. HIV enters a cell 4. As a result no additional virus is produced.

45. Reducing the Risk of HIV How would you respond in a risky situation involving HIV? Would you know what healthful behavior to choose to avoid the risk of HIV? Read each of the situations below. Decide what you would do in each situation and explain why you would respond that way. Situation 1. Ben-Lee has been dating Tanya for a year. Lately, Tanya has been pressuring Ben-Lee to have a sexual relationship. Ben-Lee is afraid that Tanya may have been exposed to HIV in a previous relationship. He doesn’t want to risk becoming infected, but he also doesn’t want to lose his girlfriend. If you were Ben-Lee, what would you do and why? _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

46. Reducing the Risk of HIV Situation 2. Tara and Manuel have been involved in a sexual relationship for a few months. Tara recently noticed a vaginal discharge. Now she wonders if Manuel told her the truth when he said he never had a sexual relationship before. She’s worried that Manuel may have given her an STI. If you were Tara, what would you do and why? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Situation 3. Gilbert is at a party, and his friend Kelsie is trying to convince him to try injecting heroin, Kelsie tells Gilbert that it’s safe and that everyone is doing it. She says that Gilbert will miss all the fun if he doesn’t join in. If you were Gilbert, what would you do and why? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

47. Review • What are three behaviors that can help you avoid HIV infection? • What does an HIV test involve? • What does HIV-positive mean? • What is the main goal of HIV treatment? How is that goal achieved? Critical Thinking 5. Evaluating: Depression can be a serous problem in people who are HIV-positive. What do you think are some ways to help people deal with the mental and emotional effects of this disease?

48. Lesson Quiz 4 • True • True • False • False • False • C • C • A • A • C

49. Chapter 22 Test 19. Risky behaviors that contribute to the spread of STIs include ignoring the risks of sexual activity, having sexual contact with multiple partners, and mot getting proper treatment for STIs when necessary. 20. You can protect yourself from HIV infection by practicing sexual Abstinence, avoiding drugs, and avoiding contact with others blood and body fluids. 11. True 12. False 13. False 14. True 15. False 16. Sexually Transmitted Infection, or STI 17. Urethritis 18. Sexual Abstinence • B • D • D • C • B • B • C • A • F • E