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The Second World War

The Second World War. 1921 - 1945. Mussolini. Harry Truman. FDR. Winston Churchill. Joseph Stalin. Key Themes & Concepts. Foreign Policy – US goes from isolationism to global involvement, Good Neighbors in Latin America Isolationist Congress v. FDR’s global involvement

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The Second World War

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  1. The Second World War 1921 - 1945

  2. Mussolini Harry Truman FDR Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin

  3. Key Themes & Concepts • Foreign Policy – US goes from isolationism to global involvement, Good Neighbors in Latin America • Isolationist Congress v. FDR’s global involvement • Presidential Decisions & Actions – How did FDR & Truman influenced events of WWII • Diversity – Women, African Americans & Japanese Americans

  4. What were our Foreign Policies during the 20s and 30s? • 1921 & 1924 US restricts immigration • 1922 & 1930 US raises tariffs • 1934 – No more loans to countries who defaulted • 3 disarmament acts in the 1920s • Kellogg – Briand Pact – pledge to “outlaw” war, involved 30+ countries

  5. The US & Latin America • US companies had billions invested in coffee, sugar, copper and oil • The Good Neighbor Policy (FDR 1933) • Nonmilitary intervention, reducing tariffs • “No Nation has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another” • Policies increased US exports to the region almost immediately • Good Neighbors make good trading partners

  6. Why an isolationist policy? • US was reluctant to enter WWI • Because of loses in WWI the US began to look into the reason for involvement • It was determined that the US entered WWI to make profits (Nye Committee) = a return to isolationism • Congress’s Neutrality Acts • 1935 – trade embargo would be placed on all countries in a state of war. US arms shipments would cease. • 1936 – Prohibits US loans to countries at war • FDR – signs them into law reluctantly

  7. EVENTS LEADING TO WWII The Road to War!!

  8. War Debts & Reparations • Weakened efforts to maintain peace • Allied countries owed the US $10 billion • German reparations were set at $32 billion • In the end most war debts go unpaid

  9. The Rise of Totalitarian Governments • One political party has TOTAL control over the govt. & bans all other parties • Rely on terror to suppress individual rights & silence opposition • Adolf Hitler (Nazi Party) elected into power in Germany 1933 • Josef Stalin assumes power in the Soviet Union in 1924 “The Man of Steel” • Benito Mussolini seizes power in Italy 1922 “Il Duce” • Japanese expansion into China begins

  10. The Rising Nazi Menace • Hitler violates Versailles • Expansion of Nazi empire • 1936 annexation of Austria • Seizes Sudentenland, German speaking region of Czechoslovakia • Rearms the country • “The buildup or armed forces is the most important precondition for ….. Political power” • 1938 Munich Agreement – Great Britain & France allow Hitler to expand without consequence, he agrees to cease expansion • 6 months later Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia

  11. Nazi – Soviet Pact of 1939Nazi – Soviet Pact (1939), German and Soviet “nonaggression” pact

  12. War is Imminent! What was occurring in Europe “between the wars” that was drawing those nations closer to war? Does the Treaty of Versailles seem to be more of a problem than a solution at this point? Why?

  13. Why Appeasement??? • To yield or concede to the belligerent demands of (a nation, group, person, etc.) 1. France was demoralized 2. Britain did not want to confront Germany 3. Many thought Communism was the bigger threat 4. Great Depression “sapped” energy of western democracies 5. US neutrality acts; to avoid involvement in another European war

  14. War in Europe: Now What? • War begins in September 1939 when British and French declare war on Germans for invading Poland • By end of 9/1939 Germans and Soviets divide Poland • Blitzkrieg – or lightening war; heavy plane bombing followed by ground troops • Poland and France surrender to Germany & Italy, leaving England as the sole country in the battle vs. Germany • Germans bombed London for 57 nights, called the “London Blitz” • 1941 Germans attempt to conquer the USSR, Hitler unexpectedly invades despite pact

  15. Leading up to Pearl Harbor • According to the reading why did the Japanese strike US Naval Forces at Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941?

  16. Modifying Isolationism - FDR Battles with Congress • 1939 “Cash and Carry” • You want it…..come and get it! • 1941 Lend Lease Act • Allowed the US to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US” • 1941 Atlantic Charter – FDR & Churchill agree on war aims & post war actions • FDR’s way around isolationism • FDR – said the US would be the “arsenal of democracy”

  17. FDR’s Four Freedoms State of the Union, January 6th, 1941 • FDR explains why it is important to ensure allied victory in Europe • Speech and Expression • Freedom of worship • Freedom from want • Freedom from fear

  18. Japanese Expansion, 1931 - 1941 • Japan felt expansion was necessary to compete w/ other countries • Began invading Chinese territory 1931 where the US was enjoying favorable trade conditions, “Open Door” policy • “Rape of Nanking” 12/1937 • Japan relied on the US for 80% of its fuel imports and other war materials • US placed trade embargo on all “war materials” to Japan.

  19. A NEED To Expand “Not only do we posses no oil supplies but this is true of very many other materials without which today a nation is helpless in wartime. To secure raw materials has become a problem of great increased importance. The very life of Japan as a first-class power is dependent on this question”

  20. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • December 7th, 1941 – Japanese war planes attacked a US Navy Fleet at Pearl Harbor Hawaii (2 hours) • 20 warships & 200 aircraft were destroyed; 2400 Americans were killed (1,103 in the USS Arizona) • FDR says it is a day that will “live in infamy” • Shattered the American belief the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans would safely isolate the US from foreign attack • Fueled American nationalism & patriotism • The day after the attack FDR requested that Congress declare war on Japan

  21. “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy”….. • According to Roosevelt’s address, which date will live in infamy? • According to Roosevelt, what was the state of negotiations b/w the US & Japan before the attack? • FDR says that the attack was planned and deliberate. Why? • What is the ultimate purpose of this address?

  22. AFTER THE ATTACK “I was 16 years old, employed….at Pearl Harbor Navy Yard. On December 7th 1941, oh, around 8:00am, my grandmother awoke me. She informed me that the Japanese were bombing Pearl Harbor. I was asked to go into the water and get sailors out that had been blown off ships. Some were unconscious, some were dead. I brought out I don’t know how many bodies….I tried to get into the military, but they refused….Finally I wrote a letter to President Roosevelt. I told him I was angry at the Japanese bombing and had lost some friends. He okayed that I be accepted” - US Sailor

  23. Mobilizing for War!!! The Shift from Peacetime to Wartime in America

  24. Major Powers of WWII • 26 Allied Nations v. 8 Axis Powers • Major Allied Powers – Great Britain, Soviet Union & the US • Major Axis Powers – Germany, Italy & Japan • The war was fought in 2 major regions: Europe/North Africa & The Pacific

  25. Axis advantages Germany and Japan had firm control over areas they invaded Germany and Japan were better prepared for war Allied Advantages Axis forces were spread out over a large area The British and Soviets had not surrendered, therefore the Axis had to maintain troops on both fronts Strengths and Weaknesses

  26. Government Expansion • 1942 – War Production Board (WPB) – directed the conversion of factories to wartime production • 1943 - Office of War Mobilization(OWM) coordinated the production and distribution of consumer goods i.e. regulated clothing to save fabric

  27. Life at home during the WAR BRAINSTORMING: Once the USA joined the fight in WWII, how do you think life for Americans at home changed? Create a word web that includes all of the “changes” that you can think of. (The center “bubble” should read WWII @ Home)

  28. A Production Boom • 1940 22,000 workers were producing ammunition – 1943 486,000 • Built 300,000 aircraft and suspended car production • Massive production created an economic boom & ended the Depression • Unemployment 14.6% – 1.2% • Earnings doubled from 1939 - 1945

  29. Directing the Economy • Increased the number of Americans who had to pay income tax; everyone became a taxpayer • War Bonds ($150 Billion!!) • Office of Price Administration (OPA) set maximum prices on goods, began rationing scarce items in 12/1941 • Gasoline, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, butter & canned goods were rationed (mandatory)

  30. Raising an Army • Selective Training & Service Act; September 1940 • 1st peacetime draft • Men 21 – 35 became 18 – 37 • Deferred for family, religious or health • 2/3 of WWII soldiers were draftees the rest were volunteers • 300,000 women volunteered – office work, nurses, drove vehicles etc.

  31. Life During Wartime • Victory gardens were planted again • West Coast cities practiced nighttime blackouts, feared lit cities would be an easy Japanese target • “God Bless America” became the unofficial anthem (Irving Berlin) • “White Christmas” • Paperback books appeared first in 1939, quickly surpassed hardcover books

  32. Wartown: Questions • The clip was shown as a morale booster in movie houses • What is shown in the video that would boost morale in the US? Explain. • How were US factories changed for war production? What challenges did they face? • What was the impact of this production on the US economy? • The video describes the “Rosie the Riveters” as heroines. Explain what this means

  33. Rationing & Recycling: Questions • Develop a list of some major items that were rationed or recycled. • How were these items used in the war effort? • Why do you think Americans didn’t continue to recycle items after the war? • Do you think Americans today would ration to contribute to the war effort?

  34. Promoting the War • Blue star = loved one in service, Gold star = death in combat (in windows) • Moviemakers, songwriters & radio stations participated in keeping up moral • Office of War Information controlled the flow of news at home • Bureau of Motion Pictures (BMP)- reviewed every film made during the war. i.e. Casablanca • Office of Censorship – subjects that contained information of value to the enemy and which, therefore, should not be published or broadcast in the United States without authorization by a qualified government source • Propaganda

  35. Rosie the Riveter • Shows the importance of female workers during WWII • 1940 – 1944 female workers increased by 6 million

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