The Second World War

1. Unit 11: World War II RUSH Mrs. Baker The Second World War

2. Do-It-Now:Post World War I Foreign Policy • What approach did the United States take in the post-WWI era in terms of foreign policy? • Why did both citizens and politicians accept this policy?

3. During Americas Time of Isolation… • Nye Committee • In 1934, investigation was conducted to determine the reasons the U.S. entered WWI. • Committee determined: • U.S. entered war at the encouragement of financiers and armament makers eager for profit. • Results led Americans to demand a return to isolationism. As the Nye results come in dictators begin to threaten peace in Europe

4. While the U.S. isolates itself… Dictators Threaten World Peace Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Emperor Hirohito

5. As Europe Moves Towards War…America Deepens Neutrality • Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 • When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: • Prohibited the sales of arms to belligerent nations. • Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations. • Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war • Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis • Pay for goods when they were picked up. • Banned involvement in Spanish Civil War. • This limited the options of the President in a crisis. • America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

6. Quarantine Speech Franklin D. Roosevelt October 5, 1937 It is my determination to pursue a policy of peace. It is my determination to adopt every practicable measure to avoid involvement in war. It ought to be inconceivable that in this modern era, and in the face of experience, any nation could be so foolish and ruthless as to run the risk of plunging the whole world into war by invading and violating, in contravention of solemn treaties, the territory of other nations that have done them no real harm and are too weak to protect themselves adequately. Yet the peace of the world and the welfare and security of every nation, including our own, is today being threatened by that very thing… Most important of all, the will for peace on the part of peace-loving nations must express itself to the end that nations that may be tempted to violate their agreements and the rights of others will desist from such a course. There must be positive endeavors to preserve peace.America hates war. America hopes for peace. Therefore, America actively engages in the search for peace.

7. The War in Europe

8. The Rise Towards WWII • 1935: Hitler denounced the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations • Mussolini attacks Ethiopia • 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. • Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. • 1938: Munich Agreement = APPEASEMENT!!! • 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia • Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact

9. WWII Begins…

10. America Moves Towards War Neutrality to Direct Involvement • As tensions in Europe escalated, the U.S. role moved from isolation to direct involvement. • The U.S. modified its policy of neutrality by adjusting their acts of neutrality.

11. Which leads to…New Acts of “Neutrality” • Cash and Carry Act • Allowed for the sale of military goods to non-aggressor belligerents. • Allied Powers • Purchasers were required to pay in cash and carry the merchandise on their own ships. • Lend-Lease Act • Roosevelt proposed the U.S. provide supplies to be paid for in goods and services after the war. • 1st appropriation of $7billion was provided to Britain • Law changed the U.S. from a neutral to a nonbelligerent on the Allied side. • Destroyers for Bases Deal • Ordered the army and navy to turn over all available weapons and munitions to private dealers for resale to Britain. • In September 1940, Roosevelt signed an agreement to give Great Britain 50 American destroyers in return for 99-year lease on air a naval bases in British territories.

12. Impact of Lend-Lease Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

13. The Debate Over Neutrality

14. While the Debate Over Entering War Rage… • FDR plans for War • Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill met on battleships in the North Atlantic to agree on certain principles for a lasting peace and establishment of free governments in the world. • Building up defenses • FDR requested Congress to increase spending on national defense. • Approved based on the increasing success of the Nazi regime • Also established first peacetime military draft. • Selected Training and Service Act.

16. “A day that will live in infamy”

18. Results of Pearl Harbor

19. December 8, 1941 Congress approves FDR’s request to declare war on Japan.

20. Early Days of U.S. Involvement • German U-boat campaign on Atlantic coast and Caribbean • Sinks more than 1,000 allied ships • Hitler controls most of Europe and North Africa • Launch attack to take Moscow and Stalingrad • Japan controls most of Pacific west of Hawaii

21. Allied Powers: • Great Britain • USSR • United States • France • Axis Powers: • Germany • Italy • Japan

22. Raising Troops • 5 million Americans volunteered after Pearl Harbor. • Selected Service System expanded the draft. • Provided another 10 million soldiers to meet the needs of war. • Formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps. (WAAC) • Women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. • Worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and politics. • Eventually became full service military members and the word “auxiliary” was dropped.

23. Federal Government Takes Over Economy

24. Conferences of WWII – Making Plans to End the War…

25. The European Front Churchill met with FDR in December of 1941 for 3 weeks to work out war plans. Believed that Germany and Italy posed a greater threat than Japan. Churchill was able to convince FDR to strike first against Hitler.

27. Timeline of the European Front • 1941 • June – Germany invades the Soviet Union. • 1942 • Dec. – Germany and Italy declare war with the U.S. • Aug. – Hitler orders attack on Stalingrad. • Nov. – Allies land in North Africa • 1943 • Feb. – German troops surrender at Stalingrad • May – Axis forces surrender in North Africa. • July – Allies invade Sicily • Sept. – Italy surrenders

28. Landing in Normandy • D-Day – June 6, 1944 • Also known as Operation Overland • Used both sea and land attacks to invade the territory in France across the English Chanel. • German retaliation was brutal • Especially at Omaha Beach • By Sept. 1944 the Allies had freed France

30. Allies Claim Victory in Europe • Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) • General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich. • May 8, 1945

31. The Pacific Front The “Island Hopping” Campaign

32. Timeline of the Pacific Front • Dec. 1941 – U.S. declares war on Japan • 1942 • May – Battle of Coral Sea. • June – U.S. wins Battle of Midway. • Turning Point in the Pacific War. • Led to the beginning of the “island hopping” campaign. • Aug. – U.S. Marines land in Guadalcanal • 1944 • June – Allies win Battle of Philippine Sea • 1945 • March – Allies capture Iwo Jima • June- Allies capture Okinawa • Aug – U.S. drops the Atomic Bomb

34. Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Flags of Our Fathers

35. The Manhattan Project & the Atomic Bomb

36. The Manhattan Project • Atom Diplomacy • FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb • Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of 1945. • FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the decision was left to Harry Truman. • An amphibious invasion could cost over 350,000 Allied casualties.

37. Contrasting Viewpoints on the Bomb Textbook pg. 791 For Using the Bomb Against Using the Bomb

38. Potsdam Conference • Allied leaders (now with Truman as president) • Warned Japan to surrender to prevent utter destruction. • Japan did not believe the warning and did not unconditionally surrender.

39. Turning Point on the Pacific Front • August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima • 140,000 dead; tens of thousands injured; radiation sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed • August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki • 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured • Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. (V-J Day) • Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

40. Dropping the Bomb: Understanding the Impact “Fat Man” Nagasaki “Little Boy” Hiroshima

41. Nagasaki Bomb

43. Rebuilding after the War Begins…

44. Yalta Conference • Churchill, FDR, and Stalin outlined: • The division of postwar Germany into spheres of influence. • Planned for trials of war criminals. • The Soviet Union promised to enter the war against Japan.

45. Nuremberg Trials (1945 – 1946) • After, WWII the Allied powers decided to place on trial the highest-ranking Nazi officers for “crimes against humanity” • Allied forces had attempted to do this after WWI, but had released them on the grounds that they “were just following orders” • Hitler, Goebbels, and Himmler were dead • 22 Nazi leaders (including Goring) were tried at an international military tribunal at Nuremburg, Germany. • 12 were sentenced to death. • Similar trials occurred in the east and throughout the world. • The Tokyo Trial (1946-48)

46. The Impact of the War at Home

47. Economic Gains • World War II ended the Great Depression. • Factories run at full capacity • Ford Motor Company • One bomber plane per hour • People save money • Rationing – leads to surplus of money during the 1950s. • Army bases in South provide economic boom • Most bases in South because of climate • The national debt grew to $260 billion • 6 times its size on Dec. 7, 1941

48. The Population Shifts • Like in WWI, Americans migrate to centers of war production, especially on West coast • Millions move from farm to city and from South to North and West • Causes severe housing shortages in war-industry cities • Mobility and overcrowding contribute to: • family breakdown • urban slums • conflict between newcomers and older residents

50. African Americans Make Gains • African-Americans demand U.S. fight against racism at home as well as against Hitler • Even before U.S. joins war, blacks prepared to fight for equality in America • NAACP and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) struggle for civil rights during the war The Double - V