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Isolationism and Global Conflict: The Prelude to WWII (1939-1945)

This analysis delves into the political climate leading to World War II, from the United States' isolationist tendencies post-WWI to the rise of authoritarian regimes in Europe and Asia. Key events include the Kellogg-Briand Pact, America's reluctance to engage in global conflicts, and the ramifications of Japan's aggression in China. It also examines the effects of economic depression on global politics, culminating in the 1939 invasion of Poland and the subsequent outbreak of war. Understanding these dynamics is crucial to grasping the complexities of modern international relations.

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Isolationism and Global Conflict: The Prelude to WWII (1939-1945)

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  1. THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939-1945

  2. PART I AND PART II POSTWAR ISOLATIONISM & WAR CLOUDS

  3. POSTWAR ISOLATIONISM • “YOU DIDN’T JUST WANT A SURRENDER OF THE UNITED STATES. THAT’S WHY YOU DIDN’T CARE FOR THE LEAGUE, WHICH IS NOW DECEASED” -HARDING VICTORY SPEECH 1920 • SPIRIT OF ISOLATIONISM: HIGHER TARIFF WALLS, THE RED SCARE, RESTRICTIVE IMMIGRATION LAWS, WAR-DEBT TANGLE • INDIRECT INVOLVEMENT LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1922)

  4. WAR DEBTS AND REPARATIONS • BRITISH: AMERICAN REVOLUTION-AMERICANS REPUDIATED DEBTS TO BRITISH • FRENCH: AMERICAN REVOLUTION-AMERICANS DID NOT REPAY FRENCH FOR HELP IN DEFEATING BRITS • BRITISH/FRENCH WOULD PAY U.S. WHEN GERMANS PAY • GREAT DEPRESSION….

  5. DISARMAMENT • JAPAN’S TWENTY-ONE DEMANDS – INCREASED JAPANESE CONTROL IN CHINA • WASHINGTON ARMAMENTS CONFERENCE • REDUCE ARMS, SEC. STATE CHARLES EVANS HUGHES • FIVE POWER (1922), FOUR-POWER , NINE-POWER TREATIES • LIMITS ARMS DEVELOPMENT (NAVY) • PARTITION WORLD • REFRAIN FROM FORTIFICATION OF POSSESSIONS • RESPECT OTHERS’ POSSESSIONS • SUPPORT OPEN DOOR POLICY – EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN CHINA

  6. KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT (1928)“THE PACT OF PARIS” • “OUTLAW WAR” • FRENCH FOREIGN MINISTER ARISTIDE BRIAND • SEC. STATE FRANK B. KELLOGG • “CONDEMN RECOURSE TO WAR…RENOUNCE IT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY” • PRESERVE MONROE DOCTRINE “WE CAN OUTLAW THIS WAR SYSTEM JUST AS WE OUTLAWED SLAVERY AND THE SALOON”

  7. GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY • FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT POLICY - LESS INTERVENTION IN LATIN AMERICA • BEGAN TO WITHDRAW FORCES FROM NICARAGUA, HAITI, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC • PAY COLUMBIA FOR PANAMA CANAL RIGHTS ($25 MILLION)

  8. MANCHURIA INCIDENT • JAPANESE AGGRESSION • MILITARY RUNNING GOVERNMENT • INVADE MANCHURIA 1931 • CHINA SOUGHT HELP FROM U.S. (FROM NINE-POWER TREATY, KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, LEAGUE OF NATIONS; JAPAN IN VIOLATION OF ALL) • STIMSON DOCTRINE (1932) – SEC. OF STATE HENRY STIMSON - U.S. REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE ANY TREATY, AGREEMENT, SITUATION THAT VIOLATED AMERICAN TREATY RIGHTS, OPEN DOOR, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF CHINA

  9. ITALY • FASCIST DICTATOR, WAR VETERAN BENITO MUSSOLINI • SUPPRESSED ALL POLITICAL OPPOSITION • IL DUCE (THE LEADER) • ITALY A DECLINING POWER

  10. HITLER AND MUSSOLINI, TOGETHER IN OCCUPIED YUGOSLAVIA

  11. BODIES OF BENITO MUSSOLINI AND CLARA PETACCI (MISTRESS) HANG IN MILAN APRIL, 1945 ALSO PICTURE SEC OF FASCIST PARTY ACHILLE STARACE

  12. GERMANY • NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMANY WORKERS’ PARTY (NAZI) • OVERTOOK WEIMAR REPUBLIC DURING DEPRESSION • HITLER CHANCELLOR 1933 • HITLER REICHSFUHRER (NATIONAL LEADER) 1934 • POLICE STATE HEIGHTENED UNDER S.S. • HITLER PROMISED TO FULFILL THE DESTINY OF GERMANY

  13. AMERICA • AMERICANS INCREASINGLY ISOLATIONIST • FDR RENOUNCES HIS EARLIER SUPPORT OF U.S. ENTRANCE TO LEAGUE OF NATIONS • SEC. OF STATE CORDELL HULL SUCCESSFULLY PROMOTES ‘FREE TRADE AMONG ALL NATIONS” (REPEAL TARIFFS) – TRADE AGREEMENT ACT (1934) • U.S. RENEWS DIPLOMACY WITH RUSSIA

  14. CHAIN OF EVENTS • 1934 – JAPAN RENOUNCES FIVE-POWER TREATY • 1935 – MUSSOLINI CONQUERS ETHIOPIA; GERMANY ANNEXES SAAR BASIN (COAL RICH-AGAINST VERSAILLES) • 1936 – SPANISH CIVIL WAR – FRANCISCO FRANCO INSITUTES FASCIST DICTATORSHIP IN SPAIN • 1937 – JAPAN V. CHINA, W. OF BEIJING (MARCO-POLO BRIDGE) – FULL SCALE WAR IN ASIA (TWO YEARS BEFORE EUROPE); ANTI-COMINTERN PACT ESTABLISHED (ANTI-COMMUNIST): ROME-BERLIN-TOKYO “AXIS” – “AXIS POWERS”

  15. CHAIN OF EVENTS (CONT.) • 1938 – GERMAN ANSCHLUSS (UNION) OF AUSTRIA; GERMANY TAKES OVER SUDETENLAND FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA • 1939 – GERMANS OCCUPY REMAINDER OF CZECHOSLOVIA AND SEIZE TERRITORY (FORMERLY GERMAN) FROM LITHUANIA; SPANISH REPUBLIC COLLAPSES; MUSSOLINI CONQUERS ALBANIA • SUMMER, 1939 – HITLER OCCUPIES DANZIG, POLISH CORRIDOR • 23 AUGUST 1939 – NAZI/SOVIET NON-AGGRESSION PACT (ALSO KNOWN AS MOLOTOV/RIBBENTROP PACT, FOREIGN MINISTERS OF SOVIET UNION /GERMANY) • 1 SEPTEMBER 1939 – HITLER INVADES POLAND

  16. SIGNING OF THE NAZI/SOVIET NON-AGGRESSION PACT - 1939 RIBBENTROP STALIN MOLOTOV

  17. BRITISH POLITICAL CARTOON 1939

  18. FRANCE/BRITAIN • APPEASEMENT OF HITLER • RELUCTANCE TO GO TO WAR • AFTER INVASION OF POLAND, DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY • “BRITAIN HAS BEEN FACED WITH THE CHOICE BETWEEN WAR AND SHAME. SHE HAS CHOSEN SHAME AND WILL GET WAR” -CHURCHILL

  19. UNITED STATES • WWI ENTRANCE OUT OF GREED “MERCHANTS OF DEATH” • ROOSEVELT SIGNS FIVE NEUTRALITY ACTS MEANT TO KEEP U.S. OUT OF WAR (FIRST 1935) • NO LOANS, WEAPONS, FORBADE TRAVEL ON WARRING NATION’S SHIPS, U.S. MERCHANTS SHIPS NOT ARMED • CASH AND CARRY – PURCHASE GOODS IN CASH, CARRY AWAY IN OWN SHIPS • “WHAT THE AMERICAN PEOPLE WANT IS TO BE AS UN-NEUTRAL AS POSSIBLE WITHOUT GETTING INTO THE WAR” --EDITOR OF THE NATION

  20. FORESHADOWING OF COMING EVENTS… • 12 DECEMBER 1937 • AMERICAN GUNBOAT PANAY SUNK BY JAPANESE FORCES • LYING AT ANCHOR IN CHINA ON YANGTZE (CHANG) RIVER, FLYING AMERICAN FLAG • THREE AMERICAN OIL TANKERS ALSO ATTACKED • TWO MEMBERS OF PANAY CREW AND ITALIAN JOURNALIST DIED • INCREASED ANTI-JAPANESE SENTIMENT IN U.S. • PRIVATE BOYCOTT JAPANESE GOOD SPREAD

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