The Respiratory System

1. The Respiratory System Chapter 23 (6th edition chapter 22)

2. Functions of the Respiratory System Supply oxygen to the circulatory system for delivery to the tissues Remove CO2 (and some other wastes) from blood.

3. There are 4 processes that we call “respiration”. Pulmonary ventilation - Movement of air into and out of the lungs (also referred to as “breathing”). 2. External respiration - Gas exchange in the lungs between the blood of the capillaries and the spaces in the air sacs (alveoli) Transport - The movement of gases by the circulatory system Strictly speaking, a function of the blood. Internal respiration - Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues of the body

4. Overview of respiratory system anatomy

5. ExternalStructuresof the nose

6. Nasal skeletal structures

7. Internal anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

8. The larynx and associated structures

9. Cross section of the trachea and esophagus

10. The Lungs

11. The Lungs

12. The lower lung

13. Alveoli and the respiratory membrane

14. Structure of an alveolar sac

15. Respiratory Physiology Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2

16. Pressure relationshipsThe negative intrapleural pressure keeps the lungs inflated

17. Mechanics of Breathing:Inspiration

18. Mechanics of Breathing:Expiration

19. Changes in pressure & volume relationships

20. Respiratory Physiology Resistance: F = P/R R = resistance P = change in pressure (the pressure gradient)

21. Respiratory Volumes

22. Respiratory Physiology:Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures The totalpressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

23. Partial pressure relationships:Movement of gases between the lungs and the tissues

24. Solubility:Differential solubility of gases contributes to the balance of gas exchange Most soluble Least soluble CO2 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> O2 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> N2 CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2 N2 is about half as soluble as O2

25. Ventilation-Perfusion CouplingBreathing and blood flow are matched to the partial pressure of alveolar gases

26. Oxygen - about 98.5% is bound to hemoglobin (Hb) and 1.5% in solution. Respiratory Gas Transport The affinity of O2 for hemoglobin is influenced by partial pressure

27. Factors influencing Hb saturation: Temperature

28. Factors influencing Hb saturation: Pco2 and pH

29. The Bohr Effect Decreased pH that results from increased Pco2 lowers the binding affinity between O2 and Hb. The result is that, under acidosis, Hb saturates at a lower Po2. This allows more oxygen to be unloaded at the where it is needed. BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) This compound is produced during glycolysis, anaerobic means of producing energy from glucose. BPG binds to Hb and decreases O2 affinity. This results in a right-shifted O2 - Hb dissociation curve, Like we see in the Bohr effect

30. CO2 Transport • 7 - 10% dissolved in the plasma • ~ 20% bound to the amine groups of the Hb molecule as • carbaminohemoglobin • ~ 70% as bicarbonate ion in the plasma

31. CO2 Transport & Exchange:at the tissues

32. CO2 Transport & Exchange:in the lungs

33. The Haldane Effect

34. Control of Respiratory Rhythm

35. Medullary Respiratory centers Neural and chemical influences

36. Pco2 & pH are the primary regulators of ventilation by meansof negative feedback

37. Pathology and clinical considerations • Common homeostatic imbalances: • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) • Asthma • Tuberculosis • Lung cancer

38. COPD:Emphysema Results: Loss of lung elasticity, hypoxia, lung fibrosis, cyanosis. Common causes: Industrial exposure, cigarette smoking.

39. Tuberculosis At the beginning of the 20th century a third of all deaths in people 20 - 45 were from TB. Antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobaterium tuberculosis are a growing problem at the beginning of the 21st century.

40. Lung Cancer

41. 90% of lung cancer patients had one thing in common…

42. …they smoked tobacco

43. Fin