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Respiratory System: Anatomy and Function

Explore the intricate details of the respiratory system, from the nasal cavity to the alveoli, and understand its functions, innervation, and histological changes. This comprehensive guide covers the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lung anatomy, providing insights into breathing mechanisms and lung volumes.

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Respiratory System: Anatomy and Function

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  1. Respirastorysystem D. L. Kiss Anna Semmelweis University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 2018.

  2. Nasalcavity - nasopharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi: principal lobar segmental • Bronchioles: terminals respiratory • Alveoli

  3. Nasalcavity Olfactoryarea: receptors Vestibulum: skin Regiorespiratorica: pseudostratifiedciliated epithelium (gobletcells)

  4. Nasal cavity Function: a.) filtration of dust (ciliated epithelium) b.) humidification of inspired air (glands inside of the mucosa) c.) warming up the air (rich capillary network) d.) olfaction - smell sensation

  5. nasopharynx tongue oropharynx softpalate laryngopharynx epiglottis

  6. Nasopharynx

  7. Larynx • Cartilages: epiglottis thyroid arythenoid cricoid

  8. Muscles of the larynx cricothyroid lig.: conicotomy!!!

  9. Muscles of thelarynx arythenoid lateral cricoarythenoid posterior cricoarythenoid cricothyroid

  10. Muscles of thelarynx cricothyroidmuscle: raisesthevoice posteriorcricoarythenoidmuscles: narrowsthe rima glottidis lateralcricoarythenoidmuscle: opensthe rima glottidis arythenoidmuscles: closestheepiglottis

  11. Larynx: rima glottidis rima glottidis

  12. Larynx epiglottis aryepiglottic fold vestibular fold vestibulum ventriculus infraglotticcavity vocal fold (vocalcord)

  13. Function of theepiglottis beforeswallow duringswallow

  14. Function of the glottis and rima glottidis Rima glottidis Rima glottidis: aperturebetweenthevocalfolds Glottis: part of thelarynx most directlyconcernedwithvoiceproduction Ordinarybreathing: rima glottidis is narrow, wedge-shaped Forcedrespiration: rima glottidis is wide Speaking: rima glottidisappearsas a linearslit

  15. Rima glottidis (laryngoscopy) wishpering phonation normalspeaking: closed rima glottidis forcedrespiration: widelyopen rima glottidis

  16. Laryngealobstraction (chocking):aspirated foodorothermaterialbecomeslodgedin the rima glottidis. Sincethelungsstillcontain air, compression of theabdomen (Heimlich maneuver) expels air fromthelungs and dislodgesthe foodorothermaterial.

  17. Innervation of thelarynx Vagusnerve Sensoryinnervation: Mucosasuperiortothevocal fold: superiorlaryngealnerve r. internus Mucosainferiorrothevocal fold: inferior (recurrent) laryngealnerve Motoryinnervation: inferior (recurrent) laryngealnerve superiorlaryngealnerve r. externus: crycothyroid m. only

  18. Innervation of thelarynx sup. laryngeal n. sensoryinnervation motor innervation recurrent (inf.) laryngeal n.

  19. Trachea anteriorview posteriorview left right left Right Principalbronchi

  20. Outline of the trachea bifurcation of the trachea

  21. Surfaces of thelung

  22. Lung apex horizontal fissure oblique fissure right: 3 lobes left: 2 lobes

  23. Lung

  24. Lung apex sup. lobe costalsurface middlelobe cardiacnotch baseor diaphragmatic surface inf. lobe right left

  25. Lung – mediastinalsurface Root of thelung: principalbronchus right pulmonary artery hilum of thelung: root of thelung+ lymphnodes right pulmonary veins lig. pulmonale: doublepleurallayer right lung

  26. Bronchitree trachea aorticarch heart

  27. Branches of theterminalbronchi, sacculi and alveoli Lobes : segments Segments: borders: veins artery + bronchioles (centrally)

  28. Bronchustree Principalbronchuslobalbronchus segmentalbronchusterminalbronchus bronchiolusterminalbronchiolus bronchiolusrespiratoricussacculus: ductus alveolaris alveoli

  29. Histologicalchangesintherespiratorysystem • cartilagedisappears • glandsaredisappearing • smoothmusclebecomescontinuous (broncioles) and thendisappears • epitheliumbecomesthin

  30. Alveoli and alveolarsepti macrophage alveolarentrance elasticfibers type I cells type II cells macrophageintheseptum capillary

  31. Pneumocytes: simplesquamousepithelialcells Type I cells: flat, squamouscells: gassexchange Type II cells: surfactantsecretion: decreasesthesurfacetension

  32. Lung – X-ray image clavicle heart diaphragm

  33. Surfacemarkings of thelung and pleura Pleura: double layered serous membrane: • parietal layer: chest cavity • visceral layer: on the surface of the lung

  34. Pleuralrecesses (sinuses) • Costodiaphragmatic (phrenicocostal): a slitlike space between the costal and the diaphragmatic surface • Costomediastinal: potential space along the anterior margin of the pleura, between the mediastinal and costal surface

  35. Volumechanges of thelung Volume of the lung: changes as the pleura moves Inspiration: active muscle work: intercostal muscels+diaphragm contract volume of the chest cavity is increasing parietal pleura moves together with the chest cavity visceral pleura follows the movement lung dilates Expiration: muscles relax

  36. Bibliography • Snell RS, ClinicalAnatomy, Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1995 • Moore KL, Dalley AF: Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Lippincott, 1999 • Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy • Röhlich: Szövettan

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