1 / 35

Respiratory System Anatomy: From Nasal Cavity to Alveoli

Explore the intricate structures of the respiratory system, from the nasal cavity to the lungs and alveoli, detailing histological features and development processes. Learn about disorders like RDS and the role of surfactant in lung function.

adamsn
Download Presentation

Respiratory System Anatomy: From Nasal Cavity to Alveoli

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Respirastorysystem D. L. Kiss Anna Semmelweis University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 2018.

  2. Extrapulmonar: • Nasalcavity - nasopharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Intrapulmonar: • Bronchi: principal lobar segmental • Bronchioles: terminals respiratory • Repiratory part: alveoli

  3. Nasalcavity Olfactoryarea: receptors Vestibulum: skin Regiorespiratorica: pseudostratifiedciliated epithelium (gobletcells)

  4. Regiorespirtorica: Propria: seros+mucus glands vestibulum

  5. cilia cilia Olfactoryregion Receptors: primary sensory cells: bipolar cells • contain OBP (odorant binding protein) receptors on their plasma membrane • axon-like processes - fila olfactoria – bulbus olfactorius • the number of them: 2 x 107 • life time: 30-60 days • more than 100 receptor molecules bulb-like ending supporting cell receptor basal cells basement membrane Schwann cells axon

  6. nasopharynx tongue oropharynx softpalate laryngopharynx epiglottis

  7. Nasopharynx

  8. Waldeyer’slymphatic ring Pharynx: parsnasalis: • tonsillapharyngea+tonsillaetubariae(pseudostratifiedciliatedepithelium) p. oralis: • tonsillapalatina (stratified non- keratinizedepithelium) • tonsillaelinguales (stratified non- keratinizedepithelium)

  9. Larynx: epiglottis

  10. Larynx epiglottis aryepiglottic fold vestibular fold vestibulum ventriculus infraglotticcavity vocal fold (vocalcord)

  11. Histology of thelarynx

  12. Histology of thelarynx

  13. laminapropria: fibers: fibroelasticmembrane

  14. Trachea anteriorview posteriorview left right left Right Principalbronchi

  15. Trachea

  16. Bronchustree Principalbronchuslobalbronchus segmentalbronchusterminalbronchus bronchiolusterminalbronchiolus bronchiolusrespiratoricussacculus: ductus alveolaris alveoli

  17. Histologicalchangesintherespiratorysystem • cartilagedisappears: gradually • glandsaredisappearing • smoothmusclebecomescontinuous (broncioles) and thendisappears • epitheliumbecomesthin

  18. Lung

  19. Lung

  20. Branches of theterminalbronchi, sacculi and alveoli Lobes : segments Segments: borders: veins artery + bronchioles (centrally)

  21. Claracells

  22. Claracells

  23. Alveoli and alveolarsepti macrophage alveolarentrance elasticfibers type I cells type II cells macrophageintheseptum capillary

  24. Alveoli: pneumocytes

  25. Type I. and II. pneumocytes, alveolarmakrophages

  26. Pneumocytes: simplesquamousepithelialcells Type I cells: flat, squamouscells: gassexchange Type II cells: surfactantsecretion: decreasesthesurfacetension

  27. Surfactant Decreasesthealveolarsurfacetension, activelyparticipate in theclearance of foreignmaterials Lowsurfacetension: increasestheflexibility of thelung makesthealveoli stabil e Absence of thesurfactant: alveolicollapse

  28. Respiratorydistresssyndrome (RDS) – functionalsurfactantdisorder • Fetalorneonatal RDS (IRDS): more frequent in prematureinfant 1.) unmaturedbiosyntheticpathways 2.) inactivation of thesurfactant (intraalveolarcoagulation) 3.) increaseduse of surfactantcausedbychronicrespiratorymechanism 4.) injury of thebiosyntheticpathway (acidosis, decreasedpulmonaryblood flow) • Adult RDS (ARDS):acutrespiratoryinsufficiency activation of neutrophylgranulocytes and alveolarmacrophagesrelease of permeabilityincreasingsubstances (shock, trauma:. burning, infections, inhalation of toxicgases, overdosage of drogssetc)

  29. Development of the lung • 4 weeksembryo: respiratorydiverticulum:outgrowth of theventralwall of theforegut; • in themesodermretinoidacidproduction is increasing • in theendoderm TBX4 transcriptionfactorproduction • TBX4: inducesappearance, increase and differentiation of thelung primordia • epithelium: endoderm • connectivetissue, cartilage and muscle: mesoderm

  30. Development of thelung 1.) respiratorydiverticulum communicateswiththeforegut 2.) Tracheoesophagealridge: dorsal: esophagus ventral: trachea 3.) 2 bronchusbuds atthe 5th week: - right and leftprincipalbronchi - then: right: 3 lobarbrobnchi, left: 2 lobarbronchi - dichotomicdivision: segmentalbronchi

  31. Development of thelung

  32. Development of thelung

  33. The effect ot the fetal surfactant

  34. Bibliography • Snell RS, ClinicalAnatomy, Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1995 • Moore KL, Dalley AF: Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Lippincott, 1999 • Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy • Röhlich: Szövettan

More Related