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Ancient Egypt

Explore Ancient Egypt's rich history, from the mighty Nile River to the powerful Pharaohs and the eventual decline of this once-great civilization. Discover the mysteries of the two kingdoms, the advanced irrigation systems, significant rulers like Hatshepsut and Akhenaton, and the eventual challenges that led to Egypt's decline. From the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom, uncover the fascinating legacy of this ancient land and its enduring impact on the world.

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. Ancient Egypt

  2. Geography: The Nile • Longest River • 4,000 miles long • Flows through the Sahara Desert • Without water, nobody could live • Natural protection

  3. Geography: The Nile Delta • Delta – Mouth of a River • Silt Deposits • Longest Delta in the World

  4. Geography • Black Land • Red Land • Cataracts

  5. The Sahara • Gave comfort to the Egyptians • It was difficult to cross • Discouraged people from invading

  6. The Fertile Nile Valley

  7. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

  8. Nile Irrigation – The Shaduf

  9. Two Kingdoms • 1st were villages – 5,000 BC • Villages consolidated into two kingdoms • Northern Kingdom • Southern Kingdom

  10. Northern Kingdom • Lower Egypt • Lower end of Nile • Occupied most of the Delta • Cobra Goddess • Snake was their symbol

  11. Southern Kingdom • Upper Egypt • Laid along the rivers • Stretched from south of the delta to the 1st Cataract • Prayed to a vulture goddess • The vulture was their symbol • A white crown Symbolized Upper Egypt

  12. Unification • 3100 BC • King Menes • Memphis became the Capital • Adopted the Symbol of Lower and Upper Egypt • Established the 1st Dynasty • Wore a red and white crown – using the two kingdom’s colors

  13. Old Kingdom: 3rd Dynasty 2650 BC • Lasted 500 years • The pyramids • Near Giza • Tombs • Changed over time • Mostly peasants built them

  14. Pharaohs • Government developed during the Old Kingdom • Head of the government • Means “Great House” • Owned all the land • Their word was law • Acted as judges • Leaders of the Egyptian Army • A god in human form • Theocracy

  15. Egyptian Bureaucracy

  16. Middle Kingdom • Old Kingdom collapsed in 2100 BC • 200 years of civil war • Famine made things worse • In 2055 BC, a new dynasty emerged • Strong leadership – strong economy • Trade Routes were not Always safe • 1650 BC – the Hyksos invaded the Nile Delta • The Hyksos brought superior military technologies • They ruled for 100 years • Egyptians resented being ruled by foreigners • They rose against the Hyksos

  17. New Kingdom • Egyptians realized that they could not rely solely on geographic barriors for protection • Created a powerful military • Adopted Hyksos weaponry • Expanded their empire • Headed into Nubia and conquered the Kingdom of Kush and forced them to pay tribute to Egypt

  18. Reign of Hatshepsut • Encouraged trade • Brought gold, apes, and myrrh • One of the few women to rule egypt • Referred to herself as the “son of the sun god” • Her nephew took over after she died and tried to destroy any evidence of her ruling

  19. Akhenaton: Monotheism in Egypt • 1353 BC – Amenhotem IV took over • Changed his name to Akhenaten, which means, “beloved of Aten” • Egyptians were polytheistic, but he changed Egypt to a monotheistic culture during his reign • Banned worship of any other god other than Aten • Stripped power from the priests of other gods and ordered their god’s image be destroyed • This religion didn’t last past his death • Pharaoh Tutankhaman restored the worship of Egypt’s traditional gods and moved the capital back to Thebes

  20. Great Hymn To Aten

  21. Ramses the Great • Hittites from Mesopotamia invaded Egyptian territory • Ramses II led his army out to confront the Hittites • According to Hittite records, the Hittites won • The Egyptian records say that the Egyptians won • However, the two armies agreed to a truce • Ramses married a Hittite princess • He ruled for 60 years • Built more temples and monuments than any other pharaoh

  22. Egypt’s decline • First major invasion – the sea peoples • Priests and nobles struggled for power • Egypt broke into smaller states • Over the next 700 years, foreign rulers controlled Egypt • Libyans • Kushites • Then the Assyrians • Then the Persians • Then the Egyptians drove the Persians out • Then the Persians returned • Then in 332 BC Alexander the Great marched into Egypt

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