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RNA & Protein Synthesis: The Key Players in Protein Formation

This chapter explores the role of RNA in protein synthesis, covering the different types of RNA and the steps involved in transcription and translation. Learn how DNA information is transcribed into mRNA and how this mRNA is translated by ribosomes to create proteins.

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RNA & Protein Synthesis: The Key Players in Protein Formation

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  1. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Chapter 12 Section 3 Pages 300-306

  2. I. RNA A. What Is It? 1. RIBO-NUCLEIC ACID - The “Middle-Man” between DNA (nucleus) & the ribosomes (cytoplasm). 2. Structure a. Ribose (Sugar) b. Single-stranded, not double. c. Thymine is replaced by URACIL. - Adenine binds with Uracil.

  3. II. What Codes For A Protein? A. The genetic code allows for almost an infinite amount of different proteins. B. Every 3 bases of DNA (or mRNA) is referred to as a CODON. - Each codon codes for 1 amino acid. Example: GCA codes for the amino acid Alanine.

  4. C. Proteins are made outside the nucleus. Why? That is where they are needed the most! III. Types of RNA 1. mRNA (Messenger RNA) a. A copy of the information found in DNA. b. Carries instructions to the ribosomes on how to make a specific protein.

  5. 2. rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) - make up ribosomes, which direct the synthesis of a protein. 3. tRNA (Transfer RNA) - carries amino acids to the ribosomes where they are connected to form proteins.

  6. IV. STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS STEP 1: Transcription A. The process whereby mRNA is made from DNA. - Very similar to DNA Replication. - Occurs inside the Nucleolus. 1. An enzyme (RNA Polymerase) binds to an area of DNA called a Promoter. - Where Transcription will start.

  7. 2. RNA Polymerase unwinds & separates the DNA strand. - One half will be used as a template to make mRNA. 3. Complimentary “RNA” nucleotides match up with each DNA base. 4. A single strand of mRNA continues to grow until a “STOP” codon is reached.

  8. Transcription Animation • http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcription.htm

  9. STEP 2: Translation A.The process of converting the info. in mRNA into a protein. - Occurs within the cytoplasm. • mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to a ribosome. 2. The ribosome moves along the mRNA and reads every three bases (codon).

  10. tRNA (compliment of mRNA) picks up specific amino acids from the cytoplasm and attaches to the mRNA strand. • The “anticodon” of tRNA temporarily attaches to its complimentary codon on mRNA and adds its amino acid. • Amino acids are bonded with peptide bonds forming a polypeptide 5. This process continues until a “STOP” codon is reached. * When complete, a single protein has been produced.

  11. Translation Animation • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf

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