WWII

1. WWII

3. Adolf Hitler • revenge for Germany’s defeat in WWI & Treaty of Versailles (which punished Germany) • pushing east & taking over • Munich Conference – French & British leaders met with him to discuss “peace in our time” • appeasement =giving in to an aggressor – Hitler – to preserve peace • Hitler promised to not take over any more land

4. The Fighting Begins • Germany conquers Poland (does not stop) & WWII official starts! • Germany (Hitler) & Russia (Stalin) agree not to fight one another and split Poland in half; Hitler lies • Britain & France vow to defend Poland

6. Allied Powers • Britain, France, Russia, and later U.S. • declare war on Germany • the Big Three: Churchill (Britain), Stalin (Russia), and later Roosevelt (U.S.)

7. Axis Powers • Germany, Italy, & Japan • Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Emperor Hirohito (Japan), General Tojo (Japan)

8. Totalitarianism • political system in which govt. controls every aspect of citizens’ lives • denies human rights, and opposition to international law • new form of govt. evolves around WWII • Germany & Italy

9. U.S. Neutrality • Americans didn’t want to fight in a European war, even though they didn’t like Hitler (isolationism) • Lend Lease Aid – gave financial & weaponry aid to Allied powers • FDR wins 3rd term & assures neutrality • U.S. pushed for peace in between WWI & WWII by supporting naval disarmament

11. America Enters the War • The Battle of the Atlantic – German U-boat sank many Allied & U.S. cargo ships  hurt U.S. trade • Pearl Harbor – Japan wanted SE Asia (including Hawaii)  plan to attack U.S. forces in HI & then dominate Pacific islands • December 7, 1941 – air attack on U.S. troops • kamikazes – crashing piloted planes into Allied ships

13. Mobilizing for War on the Home Front • economy recovers from Great Depression • Production BOOMS! Building quantities of tanks, liberty ships (carries troops & supplies), jeeps, guns, and ammo • employment & wages increase • a move to the city life • Farmers make money again – they feed the troops & the country • Selective Training & Service Act – draft between 18 & 38 & determents granted • Taxes INCREASE!

14. The U.S. War Effort – Mobilizing for War Women work in factories to cover men’s jobs • Rosie the Riveter • Women help in military effort • nurses • typists – military communications

15. Who is stationed here? And where is this?

16. U.S. War Effort on the Home Front (contd.) • Minorities – discriminated against but were granted some aid • Fair Employment Practices Committee – prevent discrimination in war effort & govt. jobs • Zoot suit Riots – Mexican Americans killed by U.S. sailors (believed clothing material should be used for war efforts, not personalized rebellious expression) • Japanese American Internment Camps – forced relocation & imprisonment of Japanese Americans – Germans & Italians also but on smaller scale • happened because of fear, racism, and protection (not extermination)

17. Arizona Contributions & the War Effort • Internment Camps = site to put “bad” civilians & forced to relocate; ex. Japanese Internment = Poston, Papago, & Gila • Ira Hayes – Native American & Arizonan in Iwo Jima (famous picture & statue) • Az air force bases created: Luke, Williams, & Davis-Monthan (open land for training) • Code Talkers – Navajo radio operators • used native language as a spy language

18. POW Camps • Prisoner of War • camp for enemy combatants captured by the enemy in time of war • treatment should be “adequate” – lodging, food, conditions of labor • camps for both sides (Allied & Axis)

19. War in North Africa - Egypt • Afrika Korps – the Germans (headed by General Rommel) wanted the area • Why North Africa? • Suez canal – access to trade & a vital Allied supplied route • Middle Eastern Oil • Battle of El Alamein – fight to control Egypt; between the British/Americans & Germans • Germans ran out of supplies (in the desert) • Allies won • Ended German hopes of occupying Egypt & conquering distant lands

20. General Patton • American tough warfare General = “Old Blood & Guts” • brilliant, but ruthless, military leader during North Africa campaign

21. Iwo Jima • island located near Japan (Allies wanted for midway base) • Bloodiest marine battle in American history • War in the Pacific & the islands = Battle for the Pacific • Battle of Midway – battle in the air, sinking each other’s aircraft carriers • Guadalcanal – strategically located island in the Pacific • Japan vs. U.S…. U.S. WINS!

23. Battle of Stalingrad • Germany vs. Soviet Union • the fight for the Soviet Union; Soviets saved their nation • Axis Powers lost • major turning point in the war  Hitler’s attempt to conquer the Soviet Union were crushed

24. D-Day • Battle on the beaches of Normandy in France led by U.S. General Eisenhower; marked the beginning of the end of WWII • June 6, 1944, 150,000 Allied soldiers swarmed the beaches • Allied warships tried to protect them with gunfire • Heavy resistance by German forts • fight to take France back from Germany

26. The Battle of the Bulge • the last major German offensive attack in Belgium • 77,000 U.S. casualties but U.S. prevailed • ended Germany’s ability to wage offensive war

27. FDR – 4th term & death • 1932 -1945 = Presidential term • died from brain hemorrhage right before atomic bomb dropping • VP Harry Truman succeeded

28. the Atomic Bomb • the Manhattan Project – Allied scientists working on a secret program to create bomb; led by Oppenheimer • Japan refused the Allies’ demands for an unconditional surrender = Postdam Conference (ultimatum) • U.S. President Truman used the bomb • Why did Truman do it? • to save American lives and shorten the war

29. the Atomic Bomb (contd.) • Hiroshima – Enola Gay, B-29 bomber, dropped the bomb on the Japanese city; “Little Boy” • killed between 70,000 – 80,000 people in an instant; 140,000 died over the next few months • 1,000s more died because of serious buns and radiation poisoning • Nagasaki – 2nd bomb dropped; “Fat Man” • killed roughly 40,000 people in an instant; 80,000 casualties over the next few months • Japan finally surrendered • Almost a 3rd bomb was dropped, finally Emperor Hirohito surrendered

30. The Costs of WWII • approximately 50 million people died (more than ½ civilians) • U.S. economy better than ever (war not fought on American soil = no devastation). But U.S. had to give LOTS of aid! • Devastated countries: China, Poland, the Soviet Union, Germany, Japan, and European nations • food shortages, disease, homelessness, malnutrition • ancient buildings ruined

31. the Holocaust • Hitler & the Nazis attempt to exterminate the Jews (genocide) • Working camps (Dachau) vs. Death camps (Auschwitz) • gas chambers & furnaces • “Final solution” = 6 million Jews were killed • How is this similar to Darfur in Africa?

33. The Birth of Israel • creation of a Jewish homeland • UN ordered Palestine be divided into 2 states – one Arab, one Jewish • took Palestinians home… still angry to this day

34. The War Crimes Trials • Allies will hold these in Nuremberg, Germany… Nuremberg trials • held to try Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity • 21 Nazi leaders found guilty, 12 put to death

35. Post WWII • GI Bill – Congress passed this law to help the transition from military to civilian life & provide former soldiers an education, loans for houses, farms, & businesses • does NOT guarantee vet they will get their old job back

36. Post WWII • Yalta Conference – the Big 3 met at Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar world • met before Hiroshima • meeting supported: • creation of a world peacekeeping organization (the United Nations) 50 nations met in San Francisco in 1945 & • a democratic governments in Axis controlled nations… • Stalin did not honor agreements (ex. Poland)  the Cold War

38. The Cold War… the beginning • 2 major world powers after WWII: • U.S. • Soviet Union • “Cold War” – the 2 nations’ struggle for global power