Mutations cause….. different folding of proteins – cause protein malfunction cells to die

2. Mutations cause….. • different folding of proteins – cause protein malfunction • cells to die • mutated cells survive and replicate DNA = more cells mutated in body • can only be passed on to offspring if occur in sex cells • Disorders caused by mutations… • Sickle cell anemia • Cystic fibrosis

3. Pg. 46 Gene Expression • Environment can affect phenotype being expressed • HIMALAYAN RABBIT – temp causes activation and deactivation of fur color genes • Low temp = black fur • High temp = white fur

4. Recombinant DNA Isolated gene Plasmid Mitosis

5. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY ISOLATED GENE RESTRICTION ENZYMES PLASMID RECOMBINANT DNA

6. transformedbacteria gene fromother organism recombinantplasmid + vector plasmid growbacteria Sticky ends are exposed, glue genes together

9. Isolated gene Recombinant DNA plasmid

10. Electric current, moving from small to large fragments • different banding patterns

12. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure. Which statement best describes the outcome of this procedure? (1) Bacterial cells will destroy defective human genetic material. (2) Bacterial cells may form a multicellular embryo. (3) The inserted human DNA will change harmful bacteria to harmless ones. (4) The inserted human DNA may direct the synthesis of human proteins.

14. Every organism is made up of one or more cells • 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things • 3. All cells come only from preexisting cells Cell Theory

15. Important organelles: Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuoles Ribosomes Mitochondria chloroplasts Always on the regents!!!!!

16. QUICK REVIEW OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

17. Allows: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and amino acids Does not allow: proteins, carbohydrates, ions Why?? • Controls the transport of materials

18. 9. All cells need to move materials across the cell membrane. • ____________, ____________, and ____________ need to move into the cell. • ____________, ____________, and ____________ need to move out of the cell. • a. The cell membrane is made of a double-sided lipid layer. NUTRIENTS OXYGEN WATER WASTES WATER CO2

19. b. Passive Transport • Diffusion: MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE • Since the flow of materials is from ___________ concentration to ___________ concentration, diffusion requires _____ energy. • Lipids move directly through the membrane, so we call that process simple diffusion • Other small molecules (like glucose) cannot flow directly across the lipid layer, so there must protein channels that allow them to diffuse through the cell membrane. We call this process facilitated diffusion (diffusion with help). LOW HIGH NO

20. Osmosis: MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS THE • MEMBRANE • Since osmosis is just a special case of diffusion — • the flow of water is still from ___________ • concentration of water to ___________ • concentration of water, osmosis requires _____ • energy. HIGH LOW NO

21. c. Active Transport • When cells need to move material in the opposite direction as diffusion, from • ___________ concentration to ___________ • concentration, they need to pump it, so this • requires energy. • _________ is the molecule that all cells use as energy. • Proteins in the cell membrane act as the active transport pumps. LOW HIGH ATP

22. I G G I S G S I S G S I G

23. Key Topics • Life processes • The cell • Cell Transport • Reproduction • BioChemistry • Genetics

24. Life Processes • Nutrition • Growth • Metabolism • Homeostasis • Reproduction • Regulation • Transport • Excretion • Ingestion • Egestion • Movement • Synthesis

25. Scientific Method • Question • Research • Hypothesis • Materials • Procedure • Data • Results • Conclusion • Independent Variable • Dependent Variable • Constants • Control • Successful experiment • Many trials

26. Cells • Organelles • Mitochondria • Respiration / energy • Ribosomes • proteins • Nucleus • DNA • Vacuole • Storage • Cell membrane • Transport • Bilipid Layer • Receptor Molecules • Protection • Lysosomes • Cell Theory • Difference between plant and animal cells • Chloroplasts • Cell Wall • Virus

27. Transport • Active transport • Energy • Low  High • Passive transport • Concentration Gradient (High  Low) • Osmosis • Diffusion • Facilitated Diffusion

28. Respiration • Convert chemical energy to usable energy • Aerobic uses oxygen more ATP • Anaerobic no oxygen less ATP • Mitochondria • Produces ATP • Relies on Photosynthesis • Required by all cells

29. Photosynthesis • Autotrophs • Converts the suns energy to a usable form • Inorganic  Organic • Uses CO2 and Water and Sun Light Creates O2 and Glucose • Relies on Respiration

30. Mitosis • Asexual • 2 identical daughter cells • Phases • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokenesis • Centrioles • Diploid number of chromosomes full set of chromosomes

31. Meiosis • Produces sex cells • Haploid number of chromosomes (monoploid) half number of chromosomes • Produces 4 cells • Not identical • Crossing over

32. BioChemistry • 4 Biomolecules • Proteins • Enzymes • Affected by • Temperature • pH • Receptor Molecules • Hormones • Made of amino acids • Shape determines function • Carbohydrates • Glucose (simple sugar/ small) • Starch (polymer) • Made of glucose • Lipids • Protection • Insulation • Store energy • Nucleic Acids • DNA