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nutrient deficiencies

nutrient deficiencies. not enough protein (COMPLETE protein). protein deficiency -- kwashiorkor. kwashiorkor = protein deficiency they are NOT fat bellies! not getting enough COMPLETE PROTEINS gas/fluid buildup due to autolysis (body breaks down its own proteins).

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nutrient deficiencies

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  1. nutrient deficiencies

  2. not enough protein (COMPLETE protein)

  3. protein deficiency -- kwashiorkor • kwashiorkor = protein deficiency • they are NOT fat bellies! • not getting enough COMPLETE PROTEINS • gas/fluid buildup • due to autolysis (body breaks down its own proteins)

  4. complementary proteins • there are 20 amino acids • 8 of these CANNOT be made by the body • therefore they MUST be in diet • without these, proteins cannot be built • person becomes malnourished • EVEN IF THEY ARE GETTING “LOTS” OF PROTEIN

  5. comp prot 2 • animal proteins usually have all 8 essential aa’s • (called “complete” proteins) • however sometimes can’t get animal protein • plant foods may be high in protein • however, most plants are missing one or more essential aa

  6. not enough calories (energy) overall

  7. caloric deficiency = marasmus • severe deficiency of overall calories (energy) = marasmus • severe wasting (atrophy) of body tissues due to starvation • for infants, even if they are restored to “health,” they might never be able to overcome the damage to their brains

  8. the voyage of Vasco de Gama 1497 - 1499

  9. more than half of the sailors died of scurvy.

  10. vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (scurvy) • collagen (protein) can’t be built • gums deteriorate • teeth fall out • may lead to gangrene in the jaw

  11. Scurvy symptoms: • gingivitis (inflammation of gums) • perifollicular hemorrhages (blood spots around hair follicles) • hemorrhages under fingernails

  12. scurvy • vit C deficiency • vit C = ascorbic acid • needed to make collagen • collagen is a protein • needed for hair, cartilage, blood vessels • inflamed gums – teeth loosen and fall out • antioxidant • reduced in smokers (and in those inhaling much CO) • 1747 first documentation of treating sailors with citrus (hence “limeys”)

  13. night blindness normally.... with night blindness....

  14. night blindness • early stage of vit A deficiency • vit A is needed in the retina • vit A helps “recharge” ability of retina cells • eyes take much longer to react to changes in brightness • most noticeable at night after bright flash

  15. vitamin A deficiency • vit A also maintains our “wet surfaces” • eyes, mouth lining, nasal passages, mucous membranes • severe defic = eyes dry out • leads to complete cornea destruction • and permanent blindness

  16. iodine

  17. goiter (iodine deficiency) • thyroid gland makes hormone thyroxin • thyroxin controls BMR (basal metabolic rate) (how fast you burn food) • thyroxin needs iodine • if iodine not present, thyroid keeps trying harder to make hormone • but body doesn’t GET any functioning hormone • therefore body keeps sending message: make more thyroxin! • now, iodine usually added to SALT

  18. rickets • caused by lack of vit D • or lack of calcium • vit D needed to get calcium from diet into bones • usually linked to general malnutrition

  19. also causes reduction in overall growth

  20. severe limb deformation particularly in long bones of leg

  21. if it can be caught in time for a young person • high regular doses of calcium and Vit D can reverse changes (partially) • (note growth chart in background)

  22. american south, depression (1929 - 1939, or later) • note severe erosion (dustbowl conditions) • rickets • malnutrition • poverty

  23. molecules > society • movement to cities (away from farms) 1920s-1950s • decreased sunlight, decreased vit D intake • increased # women with rickets • deformities in pelvis  inability to deliver babies • led to increased caesarian section deliveries • increased attention to the is medical procedure • issue #2: rickets usually linked to poverty

  24. nutrition in captivity often very different from nutrition in the wild

  25. beriberi • deficiency of thiamin (B1) • numbness/tingling/burning in fingers and toes • weakness/paralysis of legs • myelin degeneration (sheathing around the nerves) • heart muscle breaks down • may lead to heart failure (usual cause of death)

  26. beriberi • fatal if untreated • reversible if treated in time • present in rice – but removed by milling • “rice eater’s disease” • also in infants if breast-fed by mother deficient in B1 • now almost only occurrence is in chronic alcoholics

  27. beriberi • southeast asia • prison camps • fishing boats • people lost in wild

  28. pellagra

  29. pellagra • The “Four D’s: • Diarrhea • Dermatitis • Dementia • Death • deficiency of niacin (vit B3) • often associated with diet with only maize/millet • rash in sun-exposed areas of skin • collar (Casal’s Necklace) • hyperpigmentation • schizophrenia-like mental disorders • poverty-related

  30. tongue becomes smooth • then cracks and becomes infected note “collar” where shirt allows sun exposure

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