Molecules of Life

1. Molecules of Life

2. Introduction to organic compounds • Organic Compounds – compounds that contain carbon • Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon

3. Length

4. Prefixes

5. Bonding • Double and triple bonding do occur within hydrocarbons • Notice what the bonding does to the amount of hydrogens attached to that carbon

6. Rings

7. Isomers • Same formula but different structural arrangement

8. Review • Identify the following hydrocarbons

9. Bell Ringer • Please give the molecular formula and draw the molecular structurer of the following compounds • Ethane • Cyclopropane

10. Functional Groups • Chemical groups that effect a molecule’s function by participation in chemical reactions

11. Amino Acid

12. Warm up Question • What are some examples of things that are complex yet made up of simple units.

13. Four Categories of Macromolecules Macromolecule- a molecule containing a very large number of atoms. • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids

14. Macromolecules • Polymer – large molecule consisting of identical or similar building blocks strung together • Monomer – building blocks of polymers

15. Macromolecules • Dehydration synthesis – removes an –H from one monomer and an –OH from another to form a polymer and water • Hydrolysis – Polymer is broken apart with the addition of water

16. Macromolecules • Both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis require enzymes • Enzymes= specialized proteins that speed up a chemical reaction

17. Bell Ringer • What are the products formed after a dehydration synthesis reaction? In the picture below identify the water molecules that will leave to clear up space for the bond to form between our polymer and our monomer.

18. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide – the carbohydrate monomer • General formula: CnH2nOn • May have 3 to 7 carbons • Glucose, Fructose, and Ribose • May form rings in aqueous solutions

19. Disaccharide • 2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis • - Glycosidic linkage

20. Bell Ringer • What are the products formed after a dehydration synthesis reaction? • What is the monomer of carbohydrates called? • What is the structure called when 2 monosaccharides are connected.

21. Disaccharide • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose • Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Maltose Sucrose Lactose

22. Polysaccharides • Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis • Starch – storage polysaccharide in plants made of glucose

23. Polysaccharides • Glycogen – storage polysaccharide in animals made of glucose

24. Polysaccharides • Cellulose – structural component of plants

25. Polysaccharides • Chitin – structural polysaccharide in animals • Exoskeleton of insects

26. Bell Ringer • Have your homework out so we can review the questions. • What are the the two polysaccharides used for structure?

27. Lipids • Mostly hydrogen and carbon • Hydrophobic – water-fearing • They are neither large molecules or polymers

28. Fats • Dehydration synthesis links a glycerol to 3 fatty acids to form a triglyceride

29. Fats • Saturated fats – hydrocarbon chains that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (all single bonds) • Example – Animal fats (solid at room temperature)

30. Fats • Unsaturated fats – has at least one double bond • Example – Plant fats (liquid at room temperature)

31. Fats • Function: Long term energy storage

32. Bell Ringer • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? • What does hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? • Are fats/ lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? 3

33. Phospholipids • Function: Major component of cell membranes • Organic phosphate linked to 2 fatty acid chains by a glycerol • Phosphate head is hydrophilic • Fatty acid tail is hydrophobic

34. Waxes • Very hydrophobic • Mostly hydrocarbon chains

35. Steroids • Four fused carbon rings • Example: Cholesterol – used in cell membrane and the starting material of testosterone and estrogen

36. Testosterone and estrogen

37. Building Lipids • Fatty Acid Glycerol

38. Building Lipids • Fatty Acid Glycerol

39. Building Lipids • Fatty Acid Glycerol

40. Bell Ringer • What parts of our phospholipid are considered hydrophobic and hydrophilic? • What are the defining features of a steroid?

41. Protein Structure • Monomer – Amino Acid Amino group Carboxyl group Side chain

42. Protein Structure • There are 20 different amino acids; each with a different side chain (R group) • Some amino acids are hydrophilic, some are hydrophobic

43. Dipeptides • Dehydration synthesis links together 2 amino acids and forms a dipeptide (held together by peptide bond)

44. Polypeptides • Many amino acids = polypeptide

45. Carb vs Proteins

46. Protein Structure • Primary- unique sequence amino acids

47. Protein Structure • Secondary – parts of the polypeptide coils or folds into patterns • Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets • Patterns are maintained by hydrogen bonds

48. Protein Structure • Tertiary – 3D shape of a polypeptide • R groups are involved in creating the protein’s shape

49. Protein Structure • Quaternary – 2 or more polypeptide subunits

50. Protein Shape • Denaturation – polypeptide chains unravel, losing their shape and, consequently, their function • Caused by excessive heat, pH, or salt concentration