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Molecules of Life

Molecules of Life. Fun with Macromolecules. Biochemistry Terms. Organic Compounds – Carbon containing compounds produced by living organisms. Macromolecule – when smaller molecules join together to form a larger more complex molecule. Important Macromolecules.

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Molecules of Life

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  1. Molecules of Life Fun with Macromolecules

  2. BiochemistryTerms • Organic Compounds – Carbon containing compounds produced by living organisms. • Macromolecule – when smaller molecules join together to form a larger more complex molecule.

  3. Important Macromolecules • There are four types of macromolecules that make up all living organisms: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  4. Elements found in the four macromolecules: FOUND IN ALL! • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus

  5. Carbohydrates

  6. 1) Carbohydrates • Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • CHO • Arrangement: • ratio of one carbon, two hydrogen, and oneoxygen. • Form a RING or chains of RINGS • Subunits: Monosaccharides • Function: • Quick energy…their bonds store a lot of energy! • Structural support (plants)

  7. i) Simple Monomer-simplest unit Simple = Monosaccharides (C6H12O6) • Glucose from plants • Fructose from fruits • Galactose from milk GlucoseFructose

  8. ii) Complex Polymer-larger units made of monomers Complex = Disaccharides (C12H24O12) -- two • Sucrose = glucose & fructose (table sugar) • Lactose = glucose & galactose Sucrose Lactose

  9. iii) Very Complex Polymer-larger units made of monomers Very Complex=Polysaccharides(CxHyOx) -- many • Starch - food storage, plants • Cellulose– plant support • Glycogen – energy storage, animals Cellulose

  10. 2) Lipids Elements • carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms CHO Arranged in CHAINS Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids (and sometimes phosphate) • Function: • Better for storing energy-more bonds than carbohydrates.

  11. Lipid Types • Fats = energy storage • Steroids = hormones & cholesterol • Waxes = protective coatings (ear wax and cuticle of plant leaves) • Phospholipids = cell membrane

  12. 3) Proteins Elements • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen CHON • Arrangement: multiple folds • Subunits: aminoacids • Functions: • Structural proteins- • Fibrous proteins…building blocks of cells • Globular proteins- • Enzymes – aids chemical reactions • Messenger and transport proteins (cell membrane)

  13. There are 20 different types of amino acids and they can form new proteins based upon their order and the number of them present in a protein chain. Generalized Amino Acid

  14. Nucleic Acids

  15. 4) Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA Elements • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. CHONP • Subunits: nucleotides • Function: • Control genetic or heredity information

  16. i) Types of Nucleic Acids • There are two types of nucleic acids: • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • directs all cell activities and codes for genes • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • directs protein creation and transfers information

  17. How they are made: • Monomers form polymers using a process known as dehydration synthesis (removes a water molecule). • Polymers are broken down using a process known as hydrolysis (“breaks” or lyses a water molecule and “adds” it). http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  18. Any Questions?

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