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Matter and Change. Chapter Nine: Acids, Bases and Solutions Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things. Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things. 11.1 The Chemistry of Carbon 11.2 Proteins, Fats and Nucleic Acids. Investigation 11A.
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Matter and Change • Chapter Nine: Acids, Bases and Solutions • Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions • Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things
Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things • 11.1 The Chemistry of Carbon • 11.2 Proteins, Fats and Nucleic Acids
Investigation 11A Organic Chemistry • What are some common molecules that contain carbon?
11.1 The chemistry of carbon • Carbon molecules come in three basic forms: straight chains, branching chains, and rings. • All three forms are found in important biological molecules.
11.1 The chemistry of carbon • Organic chemistryis the branch of chemistry that specializes in carbon and carbon compounds. • Organic molecules are found in all living things. • Scientists classify the organic molecules in living things into four basic groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
11.1 Carbohydrates • Carbohydratesare mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1. • Carbohydrates exist as small molecules, like glucose, and long-chain molecules, like starches. • Table sugar is a carbohydrate called sucrose.
11.1 Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are relatively small molecules used to store and transfer energy in living systems. • Carbohydrates are classified as either sugars or starches.
11.1 Carbohydrates • Starches are long chains of simple sugars joined together. • Cellulose is the primary molecule in plant fibers, including wood.
11.1 Proteins, fats and nucleic acids • Carbohydrates are the simplest of the important biological molecules. • Proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are more complex molecules, including thousands of individual atoms in a single molecule.
11.1 Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is the foundation of the food chain on Earth. • For every glucose sugar molecule produced, six molecules of carbon dioxide are removed from the air, and six molecules of oxygen are produced.
11.1 Respiration • Animals get energy and nutrients by breaking up glucose, starch, and other organic molecules. • Cellular respirationbreaks down glucose into water and carbon dioxide again, extracting energy in the process. • Each cell converts the energy in glucose into chemical energy stored in molecules of ATP.
11.1 The importance of water • Liquid water is essential to life as we know it. • The human body is typically between 60 and 65 percent water by weight. • Most of the chemical reactions that sustain life only work in solution.
11.1 The importance of water • There are 3 important characteristics of water that make it essential for life: • Water is a good solvent. • Liquid water has a wide temperature range. • Water has a high specific heat capacity.
Health Connection Good Fats vs. Bad Fats • We need a reasonable amount of fat in our diets. • Fat helps support cell function and helps our bodies absorb vitamins. • But a diet too high in certain fats can lead to many health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Activity The Scoop on Nutrition Labels • A nutrition label shows the amount of calories, fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, protein, and several vitamins and minerals in one serving of the food. • The exact amount of each nutrient a person needs depends on gender, age, activity level, and weight.
