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Discover the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry focusing on carbon molecules and their role in biological systems. Learn about carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids, essential for life processes like energy storage and cellular functions. Explore the significance of photosynthesis, respiration, and water in sustaining life. Understand the balance between good and bad fats in the diet for optimal health. Decode nutrition labels to make informed food choices based on individual needs.
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Matter and Change • Chapter Nine: Acids, Bases and Solutions • Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions • Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things
Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things • 11.1 The Chemistry of Carbon • 11.2 Proteins, Fats and Nucleic Acids
Investigation 11A Organic Chemistry • What are some common molecules that contain carbon?
11.1 The chemistry of carbon • Carbon molecules come in three basic forms: straight chains, branching chains, and rings. • All three forms are found in important biological molecules.
11.1 The chemistry of carbon • Organic chemistryis the branch of chemistry that specializes in carbon and carbon compounds. • Organic molecules are found in all living things. • Scientists classify the organic molecules in living things into four basic groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
11.1 Carbohydrates • Carbohydratesare mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1. • Carbohydrates exist as small molecules, like glucose, and long-chain molecules, like starches. • Table sugar is a carbohydrate called sucrose.
11.1 Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are relatively small molecules used to store and transfer energy in living systems. • Carbohydrates are classified as either sugars or starches.
11.1 Carbohydrates • Starches are long chains of simple sugars joined together. • Cellulose is the primary molecule in plant fibers, including wood.
11.1 Proteins, fats and nucleic acids • Carbohydrates are the simplest of the important biological molecules. • Proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are more complex molecules, including thousands of individual atoms in a single molecule.
11.1 Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is the foundation of the food chain on Earth. • For every glucose sugar molecule produced, six molecules of carbon dioxide are removed from the air, and six molecules of oxygen are produced.
11.1 Respiration • Animals get energy and nutrients by breaking up glucose, starch, and other organic molecules. • Cellular respirationbreaks down glucose into water and carbon dioxide again, extracting energy in the process. • Each cell converts the energy in glucose into chemical energy stored in molecules of ATP.
11.1 The importance of water • Liquid water is essential to life as we know it. • The human body is typically between 60 and 65 percent water by weight. • Most of the chemical reactions that sustain life only work in solution.
11.1 The importance of water • There are 3 important characteristics of water that make it essential for life: • Water is a good solvent. • Liquid water has a wide temperature range. • Water has a high specific heat capacity.
Health Connection Good Fats vs. Bad Fats • We need a reasonable amount of fat in our diets. • Fat helps support cell function and helps our bodies absorb vitamins. • But a diet too high in certain fats can lead to many health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Activity The Scoop on Nutrition Labels • A nutrition label shows the amount of calories, fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, protein, and several vitamins and minerals in one serving of the food. • The exact amount of each nutrient a person needs depends on gender, age, activity level, and weight.
