Power of the State

1. Power of the State 1600-1700

2. Absolutism vs. Constitutionalism • Absolutism: monarchs establish themselves as absolute rulers and sovereignty is held by king who rules with divine right and without limitation from church, tradition or nobles… Not a Dictator! • France • Austria • Prussia • Russia/Ottoman Empire • Constitutionalism: rulers obliged to respect laws passed by representative institutions • England • Dutch Republic

3. Goals of Increased Authority • Greater taxation • Growth in armed forces • Larger and more efficient bureaucracies • Increased ability to compel obedience from their subjects

4. How to become an Absolute Monarch • Weaken or eliminate National representative • Secure support of small regional assemblies • undercut authority of princes • Subordinate nobility to King • appoint ministers from other classes under nobility • make nobles spend part of year at court so can’t plot against you • give nobility privileges and tax breaks • Keep standing national army • Create state bureaucracy • collect taxes so none stays with nobility

5. France and Louis XIV • Bourbon dynasty founded by Henry IV (1589-1610) • Issued Edict of Nantes: “Paris is worth a mass” • Lowered taxes and charged royal officials fee to pass position to heir • Improved infrastructure • Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643) • Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) is first minister • Use of intendants to strengthen power of French state • French support to Gustavus Adolphus against Habsburgs

6. France and Louis XIV • Louis XIV: r. 1643-1715; The Sun King • Fronde from 1648-1653 • Ruled through Divine Right for good of people • Very involved with council of states rulings and elected councilors from upper middle class (not nobles) • Never called Estates General • Revoked Edict of Nantes; pursued religious toleration • The Palace at Versailles • Center of political, social and cultural life • Compete for favor of Louis XIV

7. Palace at Versailles • 2,000 acres of grounds • 12 miles of roads • 27 miles of trellises • 200,000 trees • 210,000 flowers planted every year • 80 miles of rows of trees • 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal • 12 miles of enclosing walls • 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles • 21 miles of water conduits • 3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed • 26 acres of roof • 51,210 square meters of floors • 2,153 windows • 700 rooms • 67 staircases • 6,000 paintings • 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings • 2,100 sculptures • 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art • 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

11. Mercantilism • Mercantilism: sell more goods than purchase • Short-term wealth for long-term stagnation • Depleting resources of colonies • Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) • Created new product regulations • Created guilds • Encouraged foreigners to immigrate to France • Raised tariffs on foreign products • Sponsored trip down Mississippi by Marquette and Loliet

12. France and Louis XIV • French state, rather than nobles, employed soldiers • Expanded to include commercial areas of Spanish Netherlands and Flanders and province of Franche-Comte • Looked to expand beyond limits of resources • Louis XIV’s Grandson, Philip of Anjou inherits Spanish throne  War of the Spanish Succession • Peace of Utrecht ended war and Philip was king but couldn’t unite Spain and France

14. Austrian Habsburgs • Thirty Years’ War left Habsburgs destroyed  looked to improve own state rather than expand • Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637) • Erased Protestantism and established rule over Bohemia • Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657) • Permanent standing army and centralized gov’t • Looked to expand east under Leopold I (r. 1658-1705) • Turks cleared out of Hungary after Siege of Vienna in 1683 • German becomes language of state, Catholicism thrives and Vienna becomes center of empire

16. Prussia • Great Elector Frederick William (r. 1640-1688) cuts deals with Junkers (landowners of Prussia) • Estates power declines due to Great Elector having financial independence and superior force • His son, Frederick I (r. 1713-1740) is proclaimed King after agreeing to fight against Louis XIV in War of Spanish Succession • Creates military (Spartan) state • All men undergo training and serve as reservists  allows for big army and productive agriculture

17. Russia and Ottoman Empire • Fall of Constantinople to Turks in 1453, princes of Moscow believe they are heirs of caesars and Orthodox Christianity • Ivan III (r. 1462-1505) • Ivan the Great sets up Russia like Mongols • Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584) “Ivan the Terrible” • Persecutes those he believes oppose him • Creates system of dependence on state for noble titles and estates

18. Russia and Ottoman Empire • Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) • Restoration of tsarist autocracy but did little to help common people • Gained land in Ukraine and growth in bureaucracy and army • Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) • Looks to secure access to Baltic Sea by defeating Sweden but is surprised by Charles XII • Start of Northern War: 1700-1721 (Russia wins) • Looks for ways to increase state power, strengthen army • All nobles serve • 14 ranks and everyone starts at bottom • Universities and schools • Commissions St. Petersburg to be built and becomes Westernized

19. Ottoman Empire • Safe haven for Jews, Muslims and some Christians • Absence of private property  all owned by sultan • Millet system: subjects divided into religious communities and each millet had autonomous self-government

21. Source Reader • Read 398-399 and answer the questions • Read 400-402 and answer the questions

22. Review • Weaken or eliminate National representative • Secure support of small regional assemblies • undercut authority of princes • Subordinate nobility to King • appoint ministers from other classes under nobility • make nobles spend part of year at court so can’t plot against you • give nobility privileges and tax breaks • Keep standing national army • Create state bureaucracy • collect taxes so none stays with nobility How did France accomplish all of these things under Louis XIV?

23. England • Becomes Europe’s first constitutional monarchy after war, revolution, and execution of the king • Strong Parliament with rights granted in Magna Carta in 1215 • In 1603, Protestant queen Elizabeth I is succeeded by Stuarts (Scots, absolutists, and Anglicans with sympathies for Catholicism). Many subjects become Puritans (Calvinists) • Charles I (1625-1629) conflicts with Parliament politically and militarily. He is executed after being defeated by Oliver Cromwell and New Model Army. • England becomes commonwealth or republic by name, military dictatorship in practice

24. England • Monarchy restored in 1660, but James II (1685-1688) promotes Catholic cause, Parliament gives crown to his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband William, of Holland. • GLORIOUS REVOLUTION establishes constitutionalism • Bill of Rights (1689) guarantees civil liberties

25. Bill of Rights • The King could not suspend the operation of laws. • The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. • No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. • Freedom of speech in Parliament. • Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. • Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • The monarch must be a Protestant. • Freedom from arbitrary arrest. • Censorship of the press was dropped. • Religious toleration.

26. Impact of Religion • Charles I of England, backed Catholic supporters of his throne during Puritan unrest, and summoned Parliament to create army to suppress Presbyterian Scots • Led to English Civil War (1642-1649) and his death • Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate (1653-1658) repressed Catholicism in Ireland but allowed Jews to return to England • James II (1685-1688) granted religious freedom to all during English Restoration but lost his throne

27. Stuarts

28. Stuarts • James I (r. 1603 – 1625) • Wanted absolute power which alienated Parliament • Defense of Anglican Church alienated Puritans • Mostly rich landowners (gentry) that became part of House of Commons • Large royal debt, wasn’t English (Scot), believed in Divine Right of Kings, Pro-Catholic sympathies • Charles I • Inherited throne during time of financial instability • Constantly at war with Spain and France: how to finance?

29. Stuarts • Charles I continued • Usually parliament would give Charles funds from taxes but occasionally they would deny funds and Charles would dissolve Parliament • Revived tax for coastal cities for defense and applied to inland counties; no need to call Parliament even with Petition of Rights in effect • Supported Policies of Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud: Anglican Book of Common Prayer which was opposed by Scots

30. Stuarts • Short Parliament • Called in 1640 and MP demand more protection of property • Charles dismisses within 3 weeks • Long Parliament: 1640-1660 • Laud executed • Triennial Act: Parliament must be called every 3 years and has to consent to adjourn • Charles tries to enter House of Commons and arrest 5 MPs but is unsuccessful • Heads North to form an army • Parliament forms New Model Army

31. Civil War 1642-1649 Royalists Parliamentarians House of Commons S. & E. England Puritans Merchants Townspeople More urban • House of Lords • N. & W. England • Aristocracy • Large Landowners • Church Officials • More rural

32. England • Battle of Naseby in 1645: Charles I is defeated at Marston Moor, Naseby and Preston and handed over to Parliament • Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 • Officer of Parliamentary army • Led army that defeated royal forces and took control of Government • Purges House of Commons of moderates who aren’t anti-monarchy and “Rump” Parliament is result • Execute Charles I by 68-67 vote