Ancient Egypt

1. Ancient Egypt

3. Isthmus of Suez Libyan Desert Arabian Desert

4. Death Life Agricultural districts called nomes were made up of villages. Kings united the nomes into kingdoms, one of the earliest forms of government.

5. Menes • Unified Upper and Lower Egypt ~ 3100 BC • Memphis his capital • First dynasty • Pharaoh - name used to describe the king which • means great house. (this term developed during • the New Kingdom when pharaohs were great builders) • Considered a god-king who had absolute power • He was an autocrat who made, enforced, & interprets laws

6. Old Kingdom or Pyramid Age2660 – 2180 BC • Pharaoh was worshipped as a god and the center of Egypt’s religion, • government, and army. • Pharaoh bore full responsibility for the kingdom’s well being; he fostered truth, • justice, and all the goods things of life • Egyptians believed that their pharaoh’s ka (eternal spirit) continued • to rule after his death • Egyptians built pyramids (tombs) as the pharaoh’s resting place decorating • the burial chamber with wall paintings of things he would need or want in • his afterlife. • Pyramids contained great wealth and were built by peasants not slaves

7. Old Kingdom sculpture Sandal label 1st Dynasty

8. First Illness 2180 – 2080 BC • Period of poor harvest, lawlessness, and civil war. Pharaohs lost power to nobles

9. Middle Kingdom 2080 – 640 BC • Strong pharaohs reestablished law and order, farming revived, trade and arts grew • Capital moved from Memphis to Thebes • Afterlife for all commoners, people prepared for their burials (note: this preoccupation with death did not stop the Egyptians from enjoying life)

10. Middle Kingdom tomb painting

11. Middle Kingdom coffin

12. Middle Kingdom tomb painting

13. Second Illness 1640 – 1570 BC • Hyksos (Asians) invade using horse drawn chariots • Egyptians learn from the Hyksos how to • Make bronze • Use chariots and fight • Use a new bow and arrow • Spin and weave • Intermarriage (influx of new blood) between Egyptians & Hyksos • Strong pharaohs expel the Hyksos Rare statue of a Hyksos women

14. Queen Ahhotep and Kamose Fought the Hyksos Kamose perused them across the Sinai peninsula into Palestine Ahhotep’s bracelet

15. New Kingdom 1570 – 1075 BC • Egypt becomes an empire extending its territory to include the Sinai Peninsula, parts of Syria, and Palestine • Egypt becomes wealthy and lavish large temples are constructed • The rulers name was considered too sacred to use (pharaoh = great house) Royal tombs are built in the Valley of the Kings Luxor

16. Hatshepsut • declared herself pharaoh in 1478 BC after the death of her ½ brother/husband, pharaoh Thutmose II. Her father, Thutmose I had groomed Hatshepsut for the job as pharaoh. Royal brothers and sisters often married each other. • Ruled for 22 years encouraging trade and constructing temples • Hated by her nephew/step-son who may have had her murdered

17. Statue of Hatshepsut located in the Valley of the Queens

18. Thutmose III • Became pharaoh in 1450 BC. He extended the empire to its greatest limits. • He made Egypt a mighty and wealthy empire • Cultural diffusion brought Egypt new ideas as well as material goods Sphinx of Thutmose III

19. Amenhotep IV • (Akhenaton), tried to make Egypt monotheistic in 1375 BC. • Tried to force the woship of only one god, the sun god, Aton • Temples of the other gods were shut down which angered their priests • Priests of Amon, the chief god of Thebes, were very angry at the closure of their wealthy temples and the transfer of their wealth to Aton’s treasury • Amonhotep changed his name to Akhenaton (He who serves Aton) • He moved the capital from Thebes to Tell-el-Amarna (Akhetaton, the place of Aton’s power) • He started a new art style depicting everyday life. Facial expressions revealed emotions and feelings very unlike the traditional art style

20. Akhenaton, his wife Nefertiti and his daughters

21. Armana style of art ended after the death of Akhenaton Depicted daily life of the royal family

22. Son-in-law of Amonhotep IV, became pharaoh at age 8 in 1347 BC The capital was returned to Thebes and polytheism was restored. Aton’s name was removed from the temples. His tomb is discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 Tutankhamon

23. Howard Carter examining King Tut

24. Coffin of King Tut

25. Tomb items

26. Ramses II • Ruled from 1279 – 1212 BC, considered the last of the great pharaohs • Signed a peace treaty with the Hittites • Identified as the pharaoh of the Exodus • Built massive temples to Amon at Karnak and decorated his buildings with statues of himself • Died at age 99 after a 67 year reign. Fathered 150 children and had many wives

27. Mummy of Ramses II

28. Mourning the death of Ramses

29. Alexander the Great ~ conquered the entire Persian Empire including Egypt

30. Cleopatra – last independent ruler of Egypt

31. Social structure ~ Royal familyPharaoh Ramses III and son

32. Nobles Hunting with a boomerang

33. Tomb paintings found in a royal official’s tomb shows the officials importance Royal official from Asia Africans bearing gifts

34. Officials inspecting the fields

35. Egyptian women Banquet scene Nefertari Wife of Ramses II?

36. Women at a party

37. Scribe ~ literate middle class people could advance socially

38. The army was another way for middle classes to attain social mobility Bronze helmet Flint knife

39. Inebny’s block statue • The inscription on this block statue contains the conventional prayer for offerings, and Inebny's name and titles, as commander of bowmen and overseer of the king's weapons. It also records that it was 'made by the favour' of the joint sovereigns Hatshepsut (1479-1457 BC) and Thutmose III (1479-1425 BC), who ruled together for a time. Hatshepsut's name is preceded by the phrase 'perfect goddess, lady of Two Lands', a feminine version of the titles of Pharaoh. However, Hatshepsut's name has subsequently been erased.

40. Artisan workshopwall painting

41. Artisan workshopsculpture

42. Peasant farmersmodels from tombs

43. Women baking

44. Ma’at Note the feather

45. Anubis preparing the body

46. Process of Mummification • The best literary account of the mummification process is given by Herodotus, who says that the entire process took seventy days. The internal organs, apart from the heart and kidneys, were removed via a cut in the left side. The organs were dried and wrapped, and placed in canopic jars, or later replaced inside the body. The brain was removed, often through the nose, and discarded. Bags of natron or salt were packed both inside and outside the body, and left for forty days until all the moisture had been removed. The body was then cleansed with aromatic oils and resins and wrapped with bandages, often household linen torn into strips. • Scientific analysis of mummies, by X-rays, CT scans, etc. has revealed a wealth of information about how individuals lived and died. It has been possible to identify conditions such as lung cancer, osteoarthritis and tuberculosis, as well as parasitic disorders.

47. Canopic jars & chest held the organs of the deceased Bronze hook used to remove the brain from the nose

48. Judgment by Osiris Osiris Horus Anubis Heart and feather Isis & her sister Devourer of Souls Scale of justice Thoth

49. 3 Priests ~ Opening of the mouth ceremony for Hunefer

50. Book of the Dead