Becoming a World Power

1. Becoming a World Power The Spanish-American War

2. Learning Targets • At the end of this lesson you will: • Know the role that Jose’ Marti’, Cuba’s sugar exports, and American tariffs played on the Cuban economic crisis in 1894. • Know why most Americans supported Cubans against their Spanish rulers. • Understand how the media played a role in the Spanish-American War and the term Yellow Journalism. • Know what two events caused the sparks that lit the fire of the Spanish-American War. • Discuss the attitude of Republicans and Theodore Roosevelt (a Democrat) toward nationalism and the Spanish-American War. • Identify Emilio Aguinaldo and his role in the Philippines. • Know the terms of the Spanish-American Peace Treaty.

3. More Learning Targets • At the end of this lesson you will also: • Discuss three benefits that annexing the Philippines into the U.S. would create (according to some people in the late 1800s). • Relate Emilio Aguinaldo’s reaction to the annexation of the Philippines. • Discuss the process in which the Philippines was granted independence. • Know what the Foraker Act entails and its effect on Puerto Rico. • Know how McKinley kept Cuba tied to the United States • Know the terms of the Platt Amendment and its effect on Cuba. • Describe Puerto Rico’s status as an “unincorporated” territory.

4. The Coming of War -The Cuban Rebellion Begins • Cuba exported much of its sugar to the United States. • These economic ties created a crisis in 1894, when the United States imposed new tariffs-including a tariff on sugar.

5. The Coming of War -Americans support the Cubans • Yellow journalism was known as, the kind of sensationalist reporting, in which writers often exaggerated or even made up stories to attract readers. • What led most Americans to support the rebels were the dramatic stories of Spanish atrocities reported in two of the nation’s major newspapers, the New York Journal and the New York World.

6. The Coming of War -Calling Out for War • McKinley made the fateful decision to send the battleship Maine to Havana in case the Americans had to be evacuated. • In February 1898, the New York Journal printed a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish ambassador to the United States. • The letter called McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”. • The nation erupted in fury over the insult. • The USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor. • Spain was blamed for the explosion but there was no evidence.

7. A War on Two Fronts • On April 19, 1898, the US declared war on Spain. • The Spanish in Cuba were not prepared for war, but both sides knew the war would be won at sea. • Commodore George Dewey was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines and quickly succeeded. • The surprised McKinley gathered 20,000 Army troops and sent them to the Philippines to take control of the island. • While waiting, Dewey contacted Emilio Aguinaldo, who had staged an unsuccessful uprising against Spain in the Philippines years earlier, to help. • Once American troops arrived, the capitol was quickly taken, but Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops were not allowed in.

8. A War on Two Fronts • American Forces Battle in Cuba • The US Army was not ready to go fight in Cuba, but was able to assemble 17,000 men. • A volunteer cavalry of cowboys, miners, and law officers were led by Leonard Wood and were known as “Rough Riders”. • Second in command was Theodore Roosevelt who had resigned from being Secretary of the Navy to join the fight. • The “Rough Riders”, joined with the all black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, helped take Kettle and San Juan Hills and forced the Spanish fleet out of Santiago Harbor where American warships were waiting and sunk all of Spain’s ships.

9. An American Empire is Born -The Debate Over Annexation • Many supporters of annexing the Philippines emphasized the economic and military benefits of taking the islands. • A naval base in Asia • A stopover on the way to China • A large market for American goods

10. An American Empire is Born -Rebellion in the Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo called the American decision to annex his homeland a “violent and aggressive seizure.” • He ordered his troops to attack the American soldiers in the Philippines. • In March 1901, American troops captured Aguinaldo. • Eventually the US allowed the Filipinos to control their own country. • In the mid-1930s, Filipinos could elect their own congress. • In 1946, the United States granted independence to the Philippines.

11. An American Empire is Born -Governing Puerto Rico • In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory.

12. An American Empire is Born -Cuba and the Platt Amendment • President McKinley took steps to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the United States. • The Platt Amendment effectively made Cuba an American protectorate. • Cuba could not make any treaty that would weaken its Independence • Cuba had to allow US military bases in Cuba • Cuba’s debts had to remain low to keep foreign countries gaining control • The US could intervene to keep Cuba independent and maintain order

13. Review Questions • What was the role that Jose’ Marti’, Cuba’s sugar exports, and American tariffs play on the Cuban economic crisis in 1894? • Why did most Americans supported Cubans against their Spanish rulers? • How did the media play a role in the Spanish-American War? • What does the term “Yellow Journalism” mean? • What two events caused the sparks that lit the fire of the Spanish-American War? • What was the attitude of Republicans and Theodore Roosevelt (a Democrat) toward nationalism and the Spanish-American War? • Who was Emilio Aguinaldo and what did he do in the Philippines? • What were the terms of the Spanish-American Peace Treaty. • Discuss three benefits that annexing the Philippines into the U.S. would create (according to some people in the late 1800s). • What was Emilio Aguinaldo’s reaction to the annexation of the Philippines. • What was the process in which the Philippines was granted independence? • What was the Foraker Act and its effect on Puerto Rico? • How did McKinley keep Cuba tied to the United States? • What were the terms of the Platt Amendment and its effect on Cuba?

14. Essay Question • What did Puerto Rico’s status as an “unincorporated territory” mean?

15. Essay Answer • What did Puerto Rico’s status as an “unincorporated territory” mean? • Puerto Rico’s status as an unincorporated territory meant that Puerto Ricans were not citizens and had no constitutional rights, and that Congress could pass whatever laws it wanted for the island. From 1901 to 1904, in a series of cases known as the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not cover “unincorporated” territories, and that the people in these territories received only those civil rights that Congress granted to them.

16. Essay Question • Explain each provision of the Platt Amendment: (a)Treaties; (b)Naval Stations; (c)Debts; and (d)American Intervention

17. Essay Answer • Explain each provision of the Platt Amendment: (a)Treaties; (b)Naval Stations; (c)Debts; and (d)American Intervention • The Platt Amendment specified that: (a) Cuba could not make any treaty with another nation that would weaken its independence or allow another foreign power to gain territory (b) Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba (c) Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment; and (d) the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order.