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CHAPTER 3

CULTURE. CHAPTER 3. SOCIETY. People who interact in a defined territory And share a culture Society & Culture-> I nterdependent. Society. What is Culture?. Ways of thinking and acting Material objects That form a way of life. Culture. Culture: Two Categories.

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CHAPTER 3

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  1. CULTURE CHAPTER 3

  2. SOCIETY • People who interact in a defined territory • And share a culture Society & Culture-> Interdependent

  3. Society

  4. What is Culture? • Ways of thinking and acting • Material objects • That form a way of life

  5. Culture

  6. Culture: Two Categories 1. Material Culture • Physical things created by members of society 2. Non-Material (Symbolic)Culture • Ideas created by members of society

  7. Material Culture • Physical objectspeople create and give meaning • Examples: • Homes • School buildings • Churches, synagogues, temples, mosques • Cell phones • Clothes • Cars • Computers • Books

  8. Material Culture:

  9. Material Culture

  10. Non-Material Culture • Common elements: • Symbols • Language • Values • Norms

  11. Non-material Culture • Rules of Etiquette for Eating: Japan

  12. Non-material CultureRules of etiquette for eating U.S.

  13. Symbols • Meaning recognized by people who share a culture • Humans createmeaning

  14. Symbols

  15. Non-material / Symbolic Culture We communicate through: • Signs • Gestures • Language

  16. Signs

  17. Gestures

  18. Language • System of symbols: • People communicate • Language: • Key to accumulating knowledge • Cultural Transmission • Passing culture one generation to the next

  19. Human Languages: A Variety of SymbolsHere the single Englishword “Read” is written in twelve of the hundreds of languages.

  20. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • The way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. • Controversial theory by linguist Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf

  21. Does language shape reality? • See and understand world through language • Cannot think without language • Language connects symbols with emotions

  22. Does language determine thought? • In Chinese, only a single term luotuo(骆驼) • In English the word is camel. • In Arabic, there are more than 400 words for the animal. • Eskimo language has many words involving snow. For example: • apun= “snow on the ground”, • qanikca= “hard snow on the ground”, • utak= “block of snow”

  23. Language & Reality • In English, time & objects counted & talked about in same way • Time is objectified • In Hopi, concept of time as “becoming later”, • Not a physical quantity that you can “have”

  24. Language and Reality

  25. Language & Reality • Cartoon Introduction to linguistic relativity (6 min) • http://vimeo.com/42744105 • *** Video of indigenous people (LT 2 min) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lS1Dno_d2yA

  26. How Many Cultures? • One indication is language • 7,000 languages

  27. Words Past and Present 40s Slang • Take a powder • Fuddy-duddy • Gobbledygook • Eager beaver • Flip your wig • Lettuce • Pass the buck 60s & 70s Slang • Skinny • Can you dig it? • Spaz • Far out • Chill • Bread • A gas • Bug out

  28. 9/11 Language and Emotions • Language influences human emotional experiences • Words such as anger or sadness • Cultural artifacts of English language

  29. Connecting symbols with Emotions

  30. Values and Beliefs • Values • Culturally defined standards • What is desirable, good, and beautiful • Broad guidelines for social living • Beliefs • Statements accepted as true

  31. Key Values of U.S. Culture Robin Williams Jr. (1970) 10 values 1.Equal Opportunity 2. Individual Achievement & Personal Success 3. Material Comfort 4. Activity and Work 5. Practicality and Efficiency 6. Progress 7. Science 8. Democracy & Free Enterprise 9. Freedom 10. Group Superiority

  32. Norms • Rules that guide behavior • People respond with Sanctions: • Rewards • Punishments • Sanctions encourage conformity to cultural norms

  33. Laws Normsestablished by an “authority” • Examples: • Speed limits • Income Tax • Crime

  34. Mores (“more rays”) or Taboos • Norms widely observed • Great moral significance • Religious dietary restrictions • Polygamy • Pedophilia • Incest • Cannibalism

  35. Folkways • Norms for routine or casual interaction • Correct manners • Appropriate dress • Proper eating behavior

  36. Sanctions • Shame • Painful sense that others disapprove • Guilt • Negative judgment we make about ourselves

  37. Ethnocentrism People use their culture as standard to evaluate another group or individual Viewing other cultures as abnormal

  38. Cultural Relativism • Understanding other cultures on their terms • Researchers use cultural relativism • Objectivity

  39. High Culture & Popular Culture • High Culture • Cultural patterns of society’s elite • Popular Culture • Cultural patterns widespread among a society’s population

  40. Opera High Culture Ballet Art

  41. Popular Culture

  42. Dominant Culture, Subcultures, and Countercultures • Dominant culturerefers to the values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful in terms of wealth, prestige, status, and influence.

  43. Dominant Culture, Subcultures, and Countercultures • A subculture is a group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle.

  44. Dominant Culture, Subcultures, and Countercultures • A counterculture is a group within society that openly rejects and/or actively opposes society’s values and norms.

  45. Applying Theory: Culture

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