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Ch. 27: Industrialization Outside the West

Ch. 27: Industrialization Outside the West. Japan. The Final Decades of the Shogunate. On the surface, Japan experienced little change during early 1800s Shogun continued combining central bureaucracy with semifeudal alliances between daimyos and samurai

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Ch. 27: Industrialization Outside the West

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  1. Ch. 27: Industrialization Outside the West Japan

  2. The Final Decades of the Shogunate • On the surface, Japan experienced little change during early 1800s • Shogun continued combining central bureaucracy with semifeudal alliances between daimyos and samurai • Repeated financial problems, expensive feudalism • Neo-Confucianism continued to gain among elite • At expense of Buddhism, Japan became more secular • Tensions between traditionalists and reformists • Intellectual rivals; Shinto, Dutch Studies • Economy continues to develop • Commerce expanded • Increased manufacturing in countryside • By 1850s, progress slowed; technological limitations, population increased, rural riots

  3. Separate Paths of Japan and China • Japan and China respond very differently to Western pressures • From about 1600-1850s, both responded with isolation; fell behind West • Japan had tradition of imitation, saw benefits of copying • Japan had more autonomous merchant tradition • Japan did not suffer same population pressures as China • Mid-nineteenth century dynastic crisis in China vs. strong government/economy in Japan

  4. The Challenge to Isolation • Some in Japan were concerned about outside threats • Russia’s Asian expansion • 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry; trade by force • Other Western countries followed • Conservative daimyos opposed concessions, forced shogun to appeal to emperor for support • 1866, civil war; samurai armed with modern weapons defeated shogun’s forces • 1868, new emperor; Meiji— “Enlightened One”

  5. Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State • New Meiji government abolishes feudalism, replaced daimyos • System of nationally appointed prefects • Japanese government sent samurai abroad to study Western politics, economics, technology • Government abolished samurai class • No more stipends or special privileges; led to samurai uprisings

  6. Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State • Many samurai found opportunities in business and politics • IwasokiYataro, Mitsubishi • Former samurai formed political parties • Bureaucracy was reorganized, isolated from politics • New government modeled after Germany and Britain • Legislative Diet advised, emperor controlled military • Compared to Russia • Both states were centralized and authoritarian • Japan integrated business leaders into government, Russia relied on traditional social elite • Japan had imitated the West and maintained its identity

  7. Japan’s Industrial Revolution • Other initiatives followed the political reforms after 1860s crisis • New army, conscripted, Western style training • Government banks provided capital for industry • Railroads connect islands together • Economic restructuring targeted older restrictions • Guilds and internal road tariffs abolished • Land reform, individual ownership • Private enterprise quickly played role in Japan’s growing economy • Opportunities available for rising peasants • By 1900, Japanese economy was industrializing; careful management of foreign advice and models • Japan’s political and social structure offered more flexibility than Russia • Pre-WWI Japan was far from equal with West • Relied on imports of equipment and coal • Japan was resource-poor • Increase of low-paid workers produce more silk to trade with West

  8. Social and Cultural Effects of Industrialization • Combination of Industrialization and political change significantly impacted Japanese culture and society • Better nutrition, medicine; population boom • Strains resources and stability; steady supply of low-cost labor • Universal education; emphasis on science, technology and loyalty • Conservatives feared too much innovation, individualism; stress filial piety • Many Japanese copied Western fashions, standards • Western-style haircuts replace samurai top knot • Western calendar, metric system • Few conversions to Christianity, maintained own values

  9. Social and Cultural Effects of Industrialization • Japanese family life retained many traditional emphases • Rapid population growth pushed people off their land • Rise of factory system moved work out of home • Inferiority of women maintained • Shintoism won new interest, Buddhism lost ground • Economic change impacted foreign policy • 1890s, joined West in imperial expansion • Relieved strains in society, gave displaced samurai opportunity to exercise military talent • Economy needed raw materials • Sino-Japanese War; quick war with China for control of Korea • Shifted attention to Russia

  10. The Strain of Modernization • Japanese achievement came at a cost • Crowded cities, low standard of living • Conservative resentment for Western fashions • Generational disputes • Political parties clashed with emperor’s ministers • Political assassinations and attempted assassinations • Intellectual friction • Enough adaptation to prevent emergence of Russian-style intelligentsia • Regretted loss of identity, growing anxiety

  11. The Strain of Modernization • National loyalty and devotion to emperor seen as antidote to insecurity • Japanese nationalism built on traditions of superiority, cohesion, deference to rulers • Justified sacrifice and struggle • Along with firm repression of dissent explains how Japan avoided revolutionary pressure

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