Introduction to Animals

1. Introduction to Animals

2. Characteristics of AnimalsChapter 26.1 • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Heterotroph/Consumer • No cell wall- unlike Fungi, Plants, Bacteria

3. 2 Broad Groups of Animals • Invertebrates • No spinal column (bony part) • Largest and Most Diverse Group • Vertebrates • Have a Spinal Column with spinal cord inside

4. Animal Body SystemsChapter 26.2 • Animals must have access to Oxygen and Glucose in order to stay alive • The process animals must complete to get energy is called Cellular Respiration • Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (energy)

5. Body Systems & General Functions • Skeletal – Provides Support & Protection • Digestive - Extracts energy & nutrients from food • Nervous - Coordinates responses & behaviors • Respiratory - Exchanges Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide • Circulatory – Transports Gases, Nutrients & Wastes

6. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction • Many animal groups can do either! • Why reproduce asexually? • Fast. (Only takes 1) • Produces an exact copy of parent. • When there is a stable environment. • Why reproduce sexually? • Takes 2. • Produces a variety of offspring. • When there is an unstable environment.

7. Types of Symmetry • Asymmetry • No symmetry • Sponges • Radial symmetry • Body is divided around a central axis • Cnidarians & Echinoderms • Bilateral symmetry • Body is divided into equal halves • Head/Brain area present.

8. Types of Symmetry Asymmetry

9. Asymmetry (Sponges Only)

10. Radial Symmetry (Cnidarians & Echinoderms) Allows animals to get food 360 degrees

11. Bilateral Symmetry They all have a head area with sense organs

12. Embroylogical Development • Ectoderm • Develops into skin and nervous tissue • Endoderm • Develops into the lining of the digestive tract and organs associated with digestion In some animals mesoderm forms • Mesoderm • The third layer and develops into muscles, circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems

13. Body Plans • Acoelom • No body cavity, organs are imbedded in tissues. • Pseudocoelom (partial) • A body cavity partially lined with mesoderm. • Coelom • A body cavity lined with medosderm that provides a space for the development of internal organs. • Something for muscles to push against.

15. Exoskeleton vs. Endoskeleton Exoskeleton • External skeleton • Example: Arthropods Endoskeleton • Internal Skeleton • Vertebrates and Echinoderms

16. Exoskeletons • Advantages • Protection • Prevents water loss on land (waxy layer) • Disadvantages • Heavy • Cannot grow big • Growth requires molting (may be killed by predators)

17. Endoskeleton • Advantages • Provides support inside the body • Organisms can grow larger with skeleton inside

18. Introduction to Invertebrate Phylum

20. Invertebrate Phyla • Sponges – Glass Sponge • Cnidarians – Medusa (Jellyfish) or Polyp • Flatworms – Planarian or Tapeworm • Roundworms – Pinworms or Hookworms • Segmented worms – Earthworm or Leech

21. Invertebrate Phyla • Mollusks – Snail, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Squid • Arthropods – Spider, Scorpion, Tick, Chigger, Crab, Lobster, Barnacles, Centipede, Ant, Wasp, Grasshopper, Millipede • Echinoderms – Sea Star, Sea Urchin, Sea Cucumber Vertebrates Chordates-Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals

22. SpongesChapter 27.1 • Asymmetrical (no symmetry) • The adaptation that sponges have over their ancestor (animal-like-protist) is specialized cells. • They can remain motionless or sessile because they Filter feed with Collar Cells

23. Sponges • Oxygen and Food come in through Diffusion

25. Sponge Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction • Majority of Sponges are Hermaphrodites • A hermaphrodite has both male and female reproductive organs to increase the odds of reproduction. • Sponges release sperm into water and they are carried by the tide until they reach another sponge • Asexual Reproduction • Fragmentation

26. CnidariansChapter 27.2 Sea Anemone (Polyp) Jellyfish (Medusa)

27. Body Plans of Cnidarians

28. Cnidarians • Cnidarians have Radial Symmetry • Advantage: They can extend tentacles equally in all directions to increase food uptake.

29. Cnidarians • Basic digestive system called a gastrovascular cavity • Basic nervous system called a nerve net • Oxygen still enters by diffusion

30. Cnidarian Reproduction • Reproduces sexually and asexually • medusa = sexual part polyp = asexual part

31. Cnidarians • Coral are calcium carbonate remains from previously living Cnidarians

32. FlatwormsChapter 27.3 Planarian – not parasitic Tapeworm – parasitic

33. Flatworm • Bilateral symmetry • Advantage: Allows for the development of a brain region in a central location (head) • Acoelomate: No digestive system • Sugar is absorbed by diffusion in host’s intestine • No respiratory system • Oxygen is absorbed by diffusion through the body • Reproduction • Most are hermaphrodites

34. Parasitic Tapeworms

35. Tapeworm Life Cycle

36. Planaria - Not Parasitic Fresh Water Planaria Uses Pharynx to obtain food Salt Water Flatworms

37. Sheep Liver Fluke-Flatworm

38. RoundwormsChapter 27.4 • Hookworms are parasitic • Can burrow through skin when walking around barefoot • Also enters through contaminated food

39. Roundworms • Bilateral symmetry • Pseudocoelom • Complete digestive systemwith mouth and anus • Sexual reproduction • Hermaphrodites • Oxygen enters body by diffusion

40. Hookworms, Pinworms, and Tapeworms that were removed from a Brazilian boy treated on a Rockefeller foundation mission (early 1900’s) These parasites still affect people all over the globe.

41. Hookworm is Not a problem in U.S.

42. Why is this not a problem in the US? • Food safety inspections • Good sanitation • Medication widely available

43. Roundworms Dirofilaria is a roundworm that causes heartworm disease in dogs.

44. Other Roundworms Ascaris: parasitic roundworm

45. Other Roundworms The roundworm is carried by mosquitoes in tropical Africa Elephantiasis results when a roundworm blocks the lymphatic system, causing severe swelling

46. Roundworms: Hookworms Hookworms attached to the intestines

47. Segmented Worms (Annelids)Chapter 28.2 Earthworm Leech

48. Segmented Worm • Bilateral symmetry • Coelom • Full range of motion, complex organs inside • Complete digestion system which has a mouth and anus • Most are hermaphroditeswith sexual reproduction • Obtain oxygen by diffusion through skin • Closed circulatory system with hearts to deliver

49. Earthworms

50. Earthworms • Swallow dirt, filter out food • Loosen soil, helps to aerate soil for plants • Also fertilizes plants with castings (poop)