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Ancient Egypt. Napoleon helped to bring about the global fascination with Egypt when he took French scientists to Egypt and they studied Egyptology. The four main time periods in Ancient Egypt were:. The Old Kingdom 3r d - 6 th dynasties (2686 BCE – 2181 BCE)
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Napoleon helped to bring about the global fascination with Egypt when he took French scientists to Egypt and they studied Egyptology.
The four main time periods in Ancient Egypt were: • The Old Kingdom 3rd - 6th dynasties (2686 BCE – 2181 BCE) • The Middle Kingdom 11th - 12th dynasties (2000 BCE – 1700 BCE) • The New Kingdom 18th – 20th dynasties (1292–1069 BCE) • Amarnaperiod end of the 18th dynasty (1353–1336 BCE) • http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/timeline.html
Mummies People always had strange ideas about mummies. • People believed that they had healing powers and doctors used to say that mummy dust helped to heal wounds and bruises. • People used to ingest mummy powder to relieve stomach pain!!
Human Beings • The Palette of Narmer Shows the victory of King Narmer over his enemies • The Egyptian style hardly ever changed. The front of the person is shown in profile while the rest are presented in a frontal view. The flat left foot is always planted in front of the right. • All artists followed a set of proportions when representing a human figure. The knees, belly button, elbow and shoulders had to be a specified number of units from the feet that is why Egyptian royals look alike. Only the lower ranks could be shown in realistic proportions.
The Pyramids of Giza • The Old Pharaohs of Egypt were thought of as Gods. Their power was limitless. • Their power and money are represented by the Sphinx of Giza who has the body of a lion and the head of Khafre the fourth pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. • The oldest pyramid was erected by Khufu and it took 20 years to build • The second was for Khafre • The Third for Menkaure and it • is the smallest one.
The Old Kingdom The Pyramids of Giza https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpR7AKKN87E
The Afterlife • The Ancient Egyptians were very religious – and this lead them to believe that after death, they would lead lives in the afterlife as a continuation of their lives on earth. • Each Egyptian was buried in a tomb – which was an underground room of sorts. The walls were painted with scenes of everyday life, and the tomb was filled with tools and necessities for life after death. Since the tomb’s owner would continue his life on earth, he would also continue his profession. Anything he needed to perform his job was included in the tomb, along with food and other important items.
On the Tree Of Life, the birds represent the various stages of human life. Starting in the lower right-hand corner and proceeding counter-clockwise: • The light gray bird symbolizes infancy. • The red bird symbolizes childhood. • The green bird symbolizes youth. • The blue bird symbolizes adulthood. • The orange bird symbolizes old age.
What or who was Ka? • Ka means 'soul' or 'spirit' • Egyptians believed that a person's soul had many parts, and that all people and the parts of their souls were sculpted from clay by the ram-headed god named Khnum. One of these parts was called the ka. The ka was • a person's double, sort of an invisible twin, which supposedly lived in the body until death. It was necessary to prevent the dead body from decaying because the ka still needed it! • When the person died, the ka left the body. But if the body was preserved, the ka would return so they could live again. Some tombs included model houses as the ka needed a place to live. Offerings of food and drink would be left at the tomb entrance so the ka could eat and drink. • The picture, in the top right hand corner, with two arms reaching for the sky is the sign for the word "ka" in the Egyptian language.
Book of the Dead • This narrative scene from the book of the dead illustrates the weighing of the heart ritual, the ancient Egyptian version of the last judgment.
MummificationIn order to enter the afterlife, it was important that the deceased have a proper burial with all the correct rituals and traditional funerary equipment.
The Process How were mummies made? It took a very long time, from start to finish, it took about 70 days to embalm a body. The priest in charge would wear the mask of a jackal representing the god Anubis. • 1. The body was washed and purified. • 2. Organs were removed. Only the heart remained. • 3. The body was filled with stuffing. • 4. The body was dried by covering it with a substance called natron*. This substance absorbed all the moisture from the body.
5. After 40 - 50 days the stuffing was removed and replaced with linen or sawdust. • 6. The body was wrapped in strands of linen and covered in a sheet called a shroud. • 7. The body was placed in a stone coffin called a sarcophagus. • The mummy was now ready for its journey to the afterlife. • http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/mummies.htm
Canopic Jars Why did each jar have a special top? • The Canopic Jars were decorated with the heads of the four sons of Horus. • Each canopic jar guarded a different organ. • 1. Imsety had a human head, protected the liver. • 2. Qebehsenuf had the head of a falcon and guarded the intestines. • 3. Hapy had a baboon head protected the lungs. • 4. Duamatef had the head of a jackal, and guarded the stomach. • The four canopic jars were put into a special chest which went into the tomb with the mummy.
Mummification Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9p-SajqTSE&feature=related
Sculptor:Of the materials used by the Egyptian sculptor - clay, wood, metal, ivory, and stone - stone was the most plentiful and permanent, available in a wide variety of colors and hardness.
Hieroglyphics • A hieroglyphic script is one consisting of a variety of pictures and symbols. • Some of symbols had independent meanings, whereas some of such symbols were used in combinations. • The script was written in three directions: from top to bottom, from left to right, and from right to left. This style of writing continued to be used by the ancient Egyptians for nearly 3500 years, from 3300 BC till the third century AD.
What does the word hieroglyph mean? • Hieroglyphs is made from two Greek words: • •hieros meaning holy • •glyphe meaning writing • So hieroglyph means holy writing.
The ancient Egyptians created paintings to make the afterlife of the deceased a pleasant place. • Accordingly, beautiful paintings were created. The themes included journey through the afterworld. Some examples of such paintings are paintings of Osiris and Warriors.
The Rosetta Stone • 200 years ago, a stone was found in Egypt. This stone had the same short story written on it in Greek, in Demotic, and in hieroglyphics. Scientists could read Greek. Scientists could read Demotic. And now, scientists could begin to read hieroglyphics. They named this famous stone the Rosetta Stone. • Today, the Rosetta Stone is on display for everyone to see. Currently, it makes its home in the famous British Museum in London. • http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/rosetta.htm
Jean-François Champollion (1790- 1832) Spoke twelve languages by the age of 16. Spent two years (1922-1924) translating the Rosetta Stone. Wrote a paper that started the field of Egyptology.
Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten Ruled from 1351 to 1334 BCE
Akhenaten was born Amenhotep IV but changed his name in his 5th year of rule. He changed the Egyptian religion from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic one that worshiped the god Ra (the sun god). This is considered to be the world’s first monotheistic religion. He was the father of king Tutankhamun. The period is called Amarna and lasted just 17 years. The art of this period was very different. He was married to Nefertiti
Art of the Amarna Period Art is much more naturalistic than before or after.
Family • In this portrait we see Akhenaten, his queen Nefertiti and their three young daughters. The youngest is still an infant and plays with her mother’s earrings. Akhenaten plays with the princess hair while she points to the ankh (the symbol of life)at the tip of the sun ray. The other princess points to her father and that helps to interlink the family. Family connection was important in ancient Egypt.
Lord Carnarvon: “Can you see anything?” Howard Carter: “Yes, wonderful things!”
King Tutankhamen • Tut was only nine years old when he became Pharaoh. He was only 18 years old when he died. The people did not have a lot of time to build Tut's tomb. Tut's tomb was very small compared to the tombs of other pharaohs. • Because his tomb was so small, it was overlooked for thousands of years. • In 1922, a British archaeologist named Howard Carter entered King Tut's tomb. It was almost like entering a time machine.
Robbers might have been there because a bag of gold rings was found on the floor, as if dropped in haste. But they did not take everything because Carter and his team found many treasures inside the tomb including a solid gold mask of King Tut's face.
The artifacts in Tut's tomb told archaeologists and scientists a great deal about ancient Egyptian daily life. Many people all over the world became interested in learning more about ancient Egypt because of the exciting discovery of an ancient tomb full of treasure. • http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/gods.htm
Hatshepsut 5th Pharaoh of 18th Dynasty 1478 BC
Hatshepsut Facts: • “the first great woman in history of whom • we are informed” according to Egyptologist • James Henry Breasted • Reigned for 22 years • One of the most successful of all the pharaohs • Organized a major expedition to what is now the horn of Africa • or possibly Saudi Arabia • Was the first to transplant foreign trees! (myrrh) • She ground charred frankincense into Kohl eyeliner
This is a cartouche. It is a special shape that shows the name of a member of the royal family. The cartouche or Ramesses II
Ramesses the Great Facts • He is considered to be the most successful of all the pharaohs. • He was 90 years old when he died. • More monuments were built during his reign than any other pharaoh. • Ramesses had 52 boys and almost as many girls! • He ordered the cartouches of other pharaohs replaced with his own.
