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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Migration. Key Terms. Mobility: movements from one place to another Migration : permanent move to a new location Emigration: migration from a location Immigration: migration to a location Net Migration: difference between number of immigrants & emigrants

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Migration

  2. Key Terms • Mobility: movements from one place to another • Migration: permanent move to a new location • Emigration: migration from a location • Immigration: migration to a location • Net Migration: difference between number of immigrants & emigrants • Positive Net Migration: more immigrants than emigrants

  3. Key Terms in Temporary Mobility • Circulation: short-term, repetitive, cyclical movements that recur on regular basis. Ex: driving to work everyday, rec activities, church, etc • Seasonal Mobility: temporarily moving to location for season. Ex: college students, ice road truckers

  4. Migration disrupts traditional culture & economic patterns in a region • New languages, religion, ethnicity, cultural traits, economic practices, etc • Modern transportation makes relocation diffusion easier

  5. Key Issue 1Why do people migrate? • Reasons for migrating • Distance of migration • Characteristics of migrants

  6. Reasons for Migrating • People migrate because PUSH and PULL factors • Push Factors: induces people to move out of location • Pull Factors: induce people to move into a new location • Three major push & pull factors: • 1) economic 2) cultural 3) environmental

  7. Economic Push & Pull Factors • Most people move for economic reasons • Job opportunities • Read p.82 Case Study • Migrating from Ukraine to Italy • Country with valuable natural resources will attract miners & engineers ex: petroleum • New Industry may attract factory workers technicians, scientists

  8. Economic Push & Pull Factors • United States & Canada • Popular destination • Economic advancement opportunities for Europeans in 19th century • Current pull factors for Latin Americans & Asians • Scotland & Ireland • Recent immigration after discovery of petroleum

  9. Cultural Push and Pull Factors • PUSH factors • Slavery & Political Instability • Forced migration from Africa to Western Hemisphere, slavery • Boundary changes of newly independent states • Cultural tension of mixed ethnicities

  10. Refugees: people who have been forced to migrate from their homes & cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

  11. Cultural Push Factors • 2 largest groups of international refugees are Palestinians and Afghans • Palestinian Refugees: left Israel after creation of country in 1948 • Afghans: left because of civil war

  12. Cultural Push Factors • 2 largest groups of internal refugees are Sudan and Colombia • Sudan: civil war, religious & cultural disputes • Colombia: gov’t battles with drug lords & guerillas • Other countries: Congo, Iraq and Uganda

  13. Cultural Pull Factors • Democratic Countries • Individual choice in education, career & residence • Western Europe, North America • Pulled residents from communism, 1940s • Berlin Wall

  14. Environmental Push & Pull • Pulled toward attractive regions • Mountains, seasides, warm climate • Rocky Mountains, Alps, Mediterranean, Florida • Arizona: dry desert climate was good for allergies, 1940s • Pushed from hazardous regions

  15. Environmental Push & Pull • Water Threats: too much or too little • Hurricanes & Flooding: New Orleans • Droughts: Sahel region of Africa, Dust Bowl (Oklahoma)

  16. Intervening Obstacles • Migrants can’t always reach desired location because of intervening obstacles • Physical: Bodies of water, mountains, deserts • Modern transportation has eliminated most physical obstacles • Current obstacles: government & politics • Passport Visa

  17. Distance of Migration • Ravenstein’s Theory: • Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country • Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

  18. Internal Migration • International Migration: permanent movement from one country to another • Internal Migration: permanent movement within same country • Distance-Decay Principle: the farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it

  19. Internal Migration • Two Types: Voluntary & Forced • Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move • Economic push & pull • Forced: migrant has been compelled to moved • Cultural factors

  20. Migration Transition • A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

  21. Migration Transition • Stage 2: International & interregional migration • NIR goes up because decline in CDR • Technological Advances • Improvement in agriculture: move away from rural areas • Factories: move towards urban areas

  22. Migration Transition • Stage 3 & 4: internal migration • CBR declines • Move from cities to suburbs

  23. Characteristics of Migrants • Ravenstein’s Theory • Most long-distance migrants are male • Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

  24. Gender of Migrants • 19th & 20th centuries • 55% US immigrants were male, more likely to be employed • 1990s • 55% US immigrants are female • Changing roles of women

  25. Family Status of Migrants • Ravenstein’s Theory • Most long-distance migrants are young adults • US immigration • 40% between ages of 25 & 49 • Increasing amounts of children, 16% children

  26. US: Mexican immigrants • Mexico, Stage 2 • Most immigrants from rural areas • Immigrate to bordering states: California, Texas • Most from interior states, not northern border (contradicts distance-decay theory) • Most work in agriculture, factories

  27. US: Mexican immigrants • Economic Reasons: better jobs • Why hire them? • Lower wages • Not required benefits • Can be threatened with deportation • Seasonal employees: agriculture • Money sent back home to Mexico

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