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Digestive System

Digestive System. Digestive System. Group of organs that break down food. Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion. Breaking, crushing, and mashing of food Enzymes break down large molecules cut chains of amino acids into smaller chains

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Digestive System

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  1. Digestive System

  2. Digestive System • Group of organs that break down food

  3. Mechanical Digestion • Chemical Digestion • Breaking, crushing, and mashing of food • Enzymes break down large molecules • cut chains of amino acids into smaller chains • smaller chains are again cut by another enzyme • Small amino acids are small enough to go into blood

  4. Digestion begins in the mouth • Teeth • With the help of strong jaw muscles • Teeth break and grind food

  5. Saliva • Tongue • Esophagus • Contains enzymes • Begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates • Pushes broken down food into the throat • Straight tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach

  6. Stomach • Chyme • Muscular, sac-like digestive organ • Tiny glands in the stomach produce enzymes • Soupy mixture that leaves stomach • Occurs after a few hours physical and mechanical digestion

  7. Pancreas • Small Intestines • Located between stomach and small intestines • Produces fluids that protect the small intestines from the acid in chyme • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

  8. Villi • Finger-like projections in the small intestine • Helps with nutrient absorption

  9. Liver • Bile • Gall Bladder • Produces bile • Stores nutrients until body is ready to absorb them • Breaks up fat • Stores bile • Releases bile into the small intestine

  10. Large Intestines • Contains materials that can’t be absorbed into the blood • Absorbs water

  11. Feces • Rectum • Anus • Semi-solid waste material • Stores feces until body is ready to expel it • Opening to outside of the body that feces passes through

  12. It takes food about 24 hours to travel the digestive system!

  13. Urinary System

  14. Excretion -removing waste products from the body • Urinary System - organs that remove waste products such as carbon dioxide and ammonia • Kidney - pair of organs that clean blood • Nephron - millions found in each kidney - microscopic filters - removes harmful substances such as urea  contains nitrogen

  15. Urine - Yellow fluid that remains in nephrons • Ureter - tube attached to each kidney - urine leaves kidney through these • Urinary Bladder - urine is stored • Urethra - tube that allows urine to leave body • Urination - the process of expelling urine from the body.

  16. Urinary System Problems • Bacterial Infection -Bacteria gets in bladder and ureter • Kidney Stones -Stones form in kidney from waste products and blocks the flow of urine • Kidney Disease -damage to nephrons -cannot filter blood

  17. The Endocrine system

  18. Endocrine System • Gland • Hormone • Collection of glands and groups of cells • Excrete hormones • Group of cells that make hormones • Chemical messenger • Causes change in different parts of the body

  19. Thyroid Gland • Thymus Gland • Secretes growth hormones • Promotes normal body growth • Produces killer T cells • Helps your immune system fight off unwanted substances

  20. Pituitary Gland • Parathyroid Gland • Can control other glands and organs • “Master” gland • Regulates calcium levels

  21. Adrenal Glands • Ovaries • Testes • Helps body respond to danger • Produce hormones needed for reproduction in females • Produce hormones needed for reproduction in males

  22. Hormone Imbalance • Metabolism • When a gland makes too much or not enough hormone • Total of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

  23. The Nervous System

  24. Two Types of Nervous Systems Consists of brain and spinal cord Processes and responds to all messages coming from the PNS All other parts of the nervous system Connects all parts of the body to the CNS • 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) • 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  25. Neuron • 3 Parts of a Neuron • Nerve cell • Specialized to transfer messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy • 1. Cell body • 2. Dendrite • 3. Axon

  26. Sensory Neurons • Motor Neurons • Gathers information about what’s happening in and around your body • Sends impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other systems

  27. Nerves • Collection of axons • Bundled together with blood vessels and connective tissue • Connects the CNS to the rest of the body

  28. Somatic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System • Includes most neurons • Under conscious control • Do not need conscious control • Controls actions such as breathing and heart beat

  29. Brain • 3 main parts of the brain • Largest organ of the nervous system • Main control center • Controls voluntary and involuntary processes • 1. Cerebrum • 2. Cerebellum • 3. Medulla 

  30. Cerebrum • Where you think • Most memories stored here • Controls voluntary movements • Controls the senses • Left Hemisphere controls speaking, reading, writing, and problem solving • Right Hemisphere controls spatial thinking, processing music, and interpreting data

  31. Cerebellum • Medulla • Processes sensory information • Ex: From skeletal muscles and joints • Controls involuntary processes • Ex: Blood pressure, Heart rate, Breathing

  32. Spinal Cord • Spinal Cord Injury • Made of neurons and bundles of axons • Passes impulses to the brain • Surrounded by the vertebrae • Can cause someone to be paralyzed • Blocks information being sent to the brain

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