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Cellular Respiration

This overview explores anaerobic respiration, its processes, and vital roles in energy production. It discusses two primary methods: alcohol fermentation in plants, where glucose converts to ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation in animals, where pyruvate is transformed into lactic acid, both yielding 2 ATP. The section further details VO2 max, a measurement of aerobic fitness, and highlights the effects of supplements like creatine phosphate and toxins such as carbon monoxide and cyanide on cellular respiration. This information is crucial for understanding energy metabolism in both physical activity and health.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration 7.4 Anaerobic Respiration

  2. Anaerobic Respiration • Recall anaerobic respiration occurs in the ABSENCE of O2 • Two methods- alcohol fermentation (plants)- lactic acid fermentation (animals) • Both methods begin with GLYCOLYSIS

  3. Alcohol Fermentation • Starts with glycolysis • Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate • A net of 2 ATP is made • During alcoholic fermentation • Pyruvateis reduced to form ethanol • Carbon dioxide is released • NAD+ is recycled so glycolysis can continue • Yeast do this • Leavened bread • Sparkling wine

  4. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Starts with glycolysis • Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate • Pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid • NADH transfers H+ ions to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ • A net of 2 ATP is made • No carbon dioxide is released • Muscle cells have the enzymes to do this, but brain cells do not • Muscle cells can survive brief periods of oxygen deprivation, but brain cells cannot • Lactic acid “burn” in muscles

  5. Maximum Oxygen Uptake • Aerobic Fitness: measure of the ability of the heart, lungs, and bloodstream to supply O2 to the cells of the body during physical activity • VO2 max • A maximum rate at which an individual can consume O2 during maximal exertion • Peak aerobic power • milliliters per kilogram per minute(ml/kg/min)

  6. Exercise and VO2 max • Moving from rest to exercise ↑ energy requirements • Metabolism increases in direct proportion to rate of work • As demand for energy increases so does oxygen consumption (remember the role of oxidation to produce ATP to do work) • VO2 eventually peaks = VO2 max • VO2 may remain constant at max or drop slightly even through work intensity continues to increase • Average VO2 max is 35mL/kg/min • Top athletes’ VO2 max is 70 mL/kg/min

  7. Supplements and Toxins • Creatine phosphate • donates its high energy phosphate to the production of ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP ↔ creatine + ATP • increase in diet may help to store creatine phosphate in muscle cells (creating a reservoir of phosphate ready for ATP production) • potentially also acts as a buffer in muscle cells against lactic acid

  8. Carbon monoxide (CO) • combines with hemoglobin preventing O2 from binding with red blood cells • affinity between hemoglobin and CO is about 230 times stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and O2 • hemoglobin will bond with CO before it will with O2 • No oxgyen available means the ETC terminates • Low ATP production results in cell death

  9. Cyanide and Hydrogen Sulfide • inhibit oxygen consumption by mitochondria • stopping cellular respiration

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