The Era of Napoleon and Metternich

1. The Era of Napoleon and Metternich Lauren Molyneaux Amanda Merrifield Period 3

2. Background • Napoleon saw a need to end civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule • Took power in 1799 and was viewed as a national hero after he and the conspirators took over the Directory • Napoleon was named first consul of the republic and a new constitution consolidating his position was approved in December of 1799

3. Napoleon Crossing the Alps

4. Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804 • Reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the liberal and essentially moderate revolution of 1789 • Equality of all male citizens before the law • Absolute security of wealth and private property • Women lost many gains they had made in the 1790’s • Women were dependents of either their fathers or their husbands and could not make contracts of even have bank accounts in their own names • Wanted to re-establish the family monarchy, with the father and husband as an absolute power over the wife and children just how Napoleon was over his subjects

5. New Economic Ideas • With the help of the leading bankers of Paris, Napoleon was able to establish the privately owned Bank of France • Loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy • The new economic order appealed to peasants who gained both land and status • Reassured the solid middle class and peasantry who had lost a large number of its revolutionary illusions in the face of social upheaval

6. French Bureaucracy • Napoleon accepted and strengthened the position of the French bureaucracy and built on the solid foundations that the new revolutionary governments had inherited from the Old Regime • Perfected a thoroughly centralized state and consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for the network of ministers, prefects and appointed mayors • Pushed aside former revolutionaries who leaned too far radical on either side of the spectrum

7. Religion • In 1800 the French clergy was still divided into two groups • Those who had taken the oath of allegiance and those who were exiled because they did not • Napoleon wanted to fix the division in the hopes it would lead to social peace • Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the Concordat of 1801 • The pope gained for French Catholics the precious right to practice their religion freely • Napoleon gained political power and now exerted great influence over the church in France

8. Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy • Treaty of Lunéville (1801): Austria accepted the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine was incorporated into France • Treaty of Amiens (1802): France remained in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine and most of the Italian peninsular • Diplomatic triumph for Napoleon • Also given right to reshape the German states as he wished • He aggressively redrew the map of Germany so as to weaken Austria and attract the secondary states of southwestern Germany toward France, while trying to restrict British trade with all of Europe

9. Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy (cont.) • Austria, Russia and Sweden joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against France • Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805): French and Spanish fleet was annihilated by the British Royal Navy • Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805): Napoleon achieved a huge victory over the Austrians and Russians  Austria accepted large territorial losses in return for peace for peace  Third Coalition collapsed

10. Napoleon: Emperor of Europe? • Treaties of Tilsit: Prussia lost half of its population, while Russia accepted Napoleon’s reorganization of western and central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon’s economic blockade against British goods • Increasingly Napoleon saw himself as the emperor of Europe and not just of France

11. Napoleon’s Three-Part Grand Empire • Core (first part): France, which included Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy and much German territory on the east bank of the Rhine • Second Part: a number of dependent satellite kingdoms on the thrones of which he places the members of his large family • Third Part: Independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia

13. Napoleon’s Reforms on Europe • Introduced many French laws, abolishing feudal dues and serfdom where it had not already been done so • Peasants and middle class benefitted from these reforms • Levied heavy taxes which led him to be regarded more as a conquering tyrant than as an enlightened liberator

14. Reforms Lead to Backfire • French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism • First revolt occurred in Spain in 1808 when a coalition of Catholics, monarchists and patriots rebelled against napoleons to make Spain a satellite nation • Spain was a clear warning, yet Napoleon pushed on • Napoleon’s continental system, designed to exclude the British from trade, backfired and France ended up suffering from Britain’s counter-blockade

15. Napoleon Invades Russia • Began in June of 1812 with a force of 600,000 • Battle of Borodino was a draw and Russians retreated • Alexander I of Russia ordered the evacuation of Moscow and refused negotiation

16. Napoleon Invades Russia (cont.) • After 5 weeks in Moscow, Napoleon ordered a retreat that would become one of the greatest military disasters in history • The Russian army, the Russian winter and starvation cut Napoleon’s army to pieces • 370,000 men died and another 200,000 had been taken prisoner • Napoleon abandoned his troops and went to Paris to form new army

17. Napoleon Abdicates the Throne • On April 4, 1814, Napoleon abdicated the throne and was granted the tiny island of Elba as his own tiny state • Napoleon was allowed to keep his imperial title and France was required to pay him a yearly income of 2 million francs • Louis XVIII becomes new monarch

18. End of an Era • Louis XVIII was old, ugly, crippled by gout and lacked the glory and magic of Napoleon • Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815  Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took control • Allies crushed him at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 and imprisoned him on the island of St. Helena • Louis XVII returned and regained his reign

19. Prince Klemens von Metternichof Austria (May 15,1773- June 11, 1859)

21. Napoleon and Metternich Overlap • Congress of Vienna, at the end of Napoleon’s Era • Bourbon Dynasty revived, Louis XVIII reinstated, as a lenient settlement from the allies in attempts at a Balance of Power • Revolutionary triumph uncertain the idea of “legitimacy” (belief royal blood is only legit power)  feeling of irritation because they’ve come full circle • Metternich felt balance of power meant international equilibrium of political and military forces to discourage aggression from anyone

22. After the Congress of Vienna

23. Intervention and Repression • Reestablishment of political peace domestically = Metternich crusaded against all ideas about the dual revolution; lasted until 1848 • 1st step: Joined the Holy Alliance • Austria + Prussia + Russia • Try to preserve Christian principles • Became a symbol of repression • Horrified Metternich; did not want another rev. battled against liberal political change (Carlsbad Decrees rooting out liberal papers/universities)

24. Metternich and Conservatism • Believed liberalism embodied revolutionary spirit and should be crushed • Felt it coalesced with nationalism, which also should be crushed • It’s for national Safety, guys • People don’t have a voice in gov’t

25. Concert of Europe • Congress System • Balance of Power- wanted to combine enlightenment ideals with modern day problems to keep wars like the Napoleonic Wars from happening again • In effect until 1848 • Reaction to Congress of Vienna

26. Religion • "The downfall of empires always directly depends upon the spread of unbelief. For this very reason religious , the first of virtues, is the strongest power... Religion cannot decline in a nation without causing that nation's strength also to decline.“ • Metternich

27. Romanticism • Emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity in both art and personal life • A reaction to conservative politics • Saw growth of modern industry as ugly and brutal- wanted exotic escape

28. Artistic People of Importance • Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)- dramatic, colorful scenes; stirred with emotions • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)- first great master of new classical forms; dramatic and inspiring symphonies • Franz Liszt (1811-1886)- the greatest pianist of his age; a true one in a million performer

29. Economics • Serfdom still existed in poorer parts of Austria • Laissez Faire- Adam Smith • People wanted less conservative, absolute power and more free rule; saw this in Smith’s “invisible hand” philosophy • Free competition among trade • Saw this as new liberalism (now considered “classical”) • Inspired by Wealth of Nations

30. Socialism • 1815 marked the beginning of Utopian Socialism; originally started in France • A gov’t should be rationally organized economically • New laissez-faire economy denied workers the right to organize  violently upset the French urban workers developed a sense of class • Karl Marx philosophy on the rise • Communist Manifesto • Bourgeoiosie/ proletariat

31. Austrian Empire in 1848 • Upheaval in France revolution in Hungary, first • Liberals demanded written constitutions , representative gov’t and civil liberties from authoritarian regimes • Caused Metternich to flee in disguise toward London. The old absolutist order seemed to be collapsing • Tried to appease by ending serfdom in the country, but the city did not rest revolutionaries wanted to join w/minorities and create a Hungarian nation (didn’t go over well) • Gov’t played revolutionaries against minority groups • Aristocratic forces toppled the revolution. FOR NOW.

32. Video!! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHnwqtJT9U