The Age of Napoleon

1. The Age of Napoleon Ms. Garratt - Honors World History

2. Napoleon & the Directory • Directory was the gov that followed the National Convention (Reign of Terror) • When royalist rebels threatened the regime Napoleon was called in to stop it. • He became the hero of the hour • Directory rewarded him with military missions • Was victorious against the Austrians in Italy & the British at Toulon • Egyptian campaign was disaster. However, the discovery of Rosetta Stone is legendary. • It was during this time that France looted some of the most valuable Egyptian artifacts. See the Louvre.

3. Coup d’etat 1799, Consulate & Emperor • The Directory had helped Napoleon become famous • But it was corrupt and unpopular • He was urged to overthrow it which he did. • Surrounded the legislature with his troops and led a coup’etat (takeover) • Napoleon would create a new 3-man government known as the Consulate (1799) • He took the title of First Consul and later named himself the consul for life (1802)

4. Plebiscite & Coronation • Two years later he took the title of emperor • Invited the Pope to his coronation . • Took the crown from the pope’s hand to place on his head (same as Charlemagne) • Was a way of showing he was stronger than the pope. • Napoleon wanted to keep the support of the people so he held plebiscite each step of the way.

5. Throne of Napoleon

6. Napoleon Restores Order in France • In 1802 this was the 1st time in over 10 years that France was at peace. • Napoleon’s 1st goal was to strengthen the central government & consolidate some of the goals of the Rev. • His focussed on the: • Economy • Education • Church • Law

7. Napoleon, the Economy & Lycees • Modernized finance • Regulated the economy with price controls • Efficient method of tax collection • Established banking system • Encouraged new industry • Improved infrastructure • Established state-run public schools (lycees) in order to train government officials . • Established meritocracy in which jobs were provided to the qualified & not based on nepotism or class.

8. Concordat of 1801 • Napoleon undid some of the changes in religion • He wanted to consolidate his political base and recognized that the Church and peasants resented the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Concordat of 1801 established a new relationship. • Kept the Church under state control • Restored some of the church’s earlier influence but just not in national affairs. • EFFECT: Napoleon gained the support of the majority of the French & the Church

9. Napoleonic Code • Considered by many to be his greatest legacy • Created a comprehensive & uniform system of law. • Spread it throughout Europe • It embodied some enlightenment principles such as: • Equality under the law • Religious toleration • Meritocracy • However it also took away rights previously acquired during the Revolution. • It reestablished slavery in the French colonies • It deprived women of rights gained. • Freedom of the press & speech were restricted

10. Napoleon Unites France • Won middle class support due to: • Economic reforms & restoration of stability • Equality under the law • Availability of jobs previously closed to middle class • Won peasant and some working class support due to: • Rapprochement with the Church • Allowing the peasants to keep the land bought from the nobles and Church • Price controls on • Won the support of some former nobility • Emigres returned

11. Napoleon’s Foreign Policy

12. Napoleon & Haiti

13. Napoleon & the United States • Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana territory? • Haiti Defeat • Needed the $ to fight Britain • Feared Britain would attack from Canada and just take it. • Felt US possession of the territory would become a strategic nightmare for Britain

14. Conquering Europe • Annexed some countries • Puppet governments set up in others • British convinced Russia, Austria & Sweden to join them against France • Battle of Austerlitz was stunning success for Napoleon • Forced Russia, Prussia & Austria to sign peace treaties • Battle of Trafalgarwas naval defeat however and ensured British naval superiority for the next 100+ years. • Battle of Trafalgar ended Napoleon’s ambitions to conquer England • Now he focuses on Europe

15. The following is a map at the height of Napoleon’s empire in 1810.Identify which areas are not under French control.

17. Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes

18. Continental System • Blockade known as Continental System • Designed for 2 reasons: • To destroy Britain’s commercial and industrial economy • To make continental Europe more self-sufficient • Was not successful - Blockade proved to be minor inconvenience for Britain • Britain responded with its own blockade which was easier to enforce due to naval superiority • Continental System failed for the following reasons • 1. Substantial smuggling took place (with British aid) • 2. Napoleon’s allies & families disregarded the blockade • 3. The blockade hurt Europe more than Britain by depriving them of markets • 4. When Russia refused to participate in the blockade Napoleon will make a costly mistake and declare war on Russia • *US History Review • *To enforce the embargo Britain and France both interfered with the US leading the US to adopt the following policies • US Embargo Act • Non-Intercourse Act *Seizure of US vessels *Impressment *War of 1812

19. Peninsular War 1808 • Napoleon’s second costly mistake was to depose the Spanish King and place his brother on the throne. • This outraged the Spanish who were loyal to their king and the Catholic Church. • Leads to guerilla warfare • British aided the Spanish • Unleashed Spanish nationalism. • French were no longer seen as liberators but as occupiers. • This war will dramatically impact Latin America

20. Goya’s Third of May

21. Invasion of Russia 1812 • Breakdown in the alliance due to failure of the Czar to enforce Continental System & Poland. • Napoleon and army of 420,000 – 600,000 march into Russia which practices scorch-earth policy as they retreat. • Rather than hand over Moscow to Napoleon the Czar orders it burned to the ground. • Napoleon turns back and the harsh winter climate takes its’ toll. • By the time the Grand Army returns only 10,000 soldiers . • Your text says 100,000. • Recognizing Napoleon’s weakness Russia & Prussia take him out.

22. Rise of Nationalism • Nationalism became a powerful weapon against Napoleon • Once he was seen as a liberal liberator who eliminated ghettos, abolished feudalism, promoted religious tolerance and equality under the law. • Later he was seen as an oppressive conqueror. • Nationalism sparks wars of liberation (guerrilla wars) throughout Europe

23. Downfall & Exile of Napoleon • The Russian campaign revealed his weakness • Could not raise a well-trained army • Faced allied armies of Europe • Defeated at the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig. • Exiled to Elba (island in the Mediterranean.

24. The Hundred Days • Attempt by Napoleon to regain power ended once again in defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium in 1815. • This last attempt is known as the 100 days because it lasted from Mar to June. • This time Napoleon was exiled to a remote island in the South Atlantic. • He died 6 years later at the age of 52

25. St Helena – Where he died.

26. Returned to France in 1850 - Buried in tomb in 1861

27. Napoleonic Code Nationalism which would later lead to the unification of Italy & Germany Independence Movements in Latin American Louisiana Purchase Congress of Vienna Restoration of legitimate monarch Balance of power New borders Concert of Europe Legacy of Napoleon