Napoleon/C of V 18.4

1. Objective: We will examine the impact Napoleon had on Western Civilization and the French Revolution to determine his role on shaping European history. Napoleon/C of V18.4

2. Background: Corsican (colony) of modest means Received military training in France, disliked Revolution allows rise in rank. Why? given position by COPS where he takes parts of Italy. Napoleon in the Revolution

3. Leads men on the front lines, courageous in battle Shares war booty with men equally, everyone gets a part of the victory. Steals from Austria and Italy. Italian soldiers join with him and make him stronger. Soldiers love him Military Success

4. Egyptian Campaignp.592 • Attempt at England/Glory. Successful at first, however loses at the Battle of the Nile to Horatio Nelson. • Sends/brings back treasures for France. • Has news of his loss kept out of papers. Returns a hero, “The General” • Convinced to overthrow the Directory by Abbe Sieyes. November 9, 1799 Napoleon begins his coup d’Etat.

8. Rosetta Stone

9. The Consulate18 Brumaire • Which Revolutionary government is in power in 1799? • Napoleon comes back with the idea that he will take over with the help of powerful politicians as “the enforcer” w/ his army. Consulate is new gov’t. • Quickly becomes only powerful leader (first consul). • Utilized Plebiscite, or the popular vote, for support.

12. New constitution gave power to Nap. Platform: Revolutionary ideas that helped him gain power/popularity such as: Economy (nat. bank, taxes etc.) Napoleonic Code, ended corruption, promotion by merit , new noble class created, etc. Made peace with the Pope (concordat of 1801), pleased people. His Domestic Rule

13. Quote • "My policy is to govern men as the greatest number wish to be governed. . . . I carried on the war of Vendee by becoming a Catholic; I established myself in Egypt by becoming a Mussulman… If I governed Jews I should reestablish the temple of Solomon. . . . It is thus, I think, that the sovereignty of the people should be understood."

14. Another Contradiction • Secret police in conquered areas, and FRANCE • Shut down newspapers, censored mail, arbitrary legal actions. • Enlightened ideas? Who/What does this remind you of in earlier eras?

15. The Empire • Crowned by himself in1804 • Wanted control of all Europe • Louisiana Purchase: “The sale assures forever the power of the U.S., and I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.” • Started to move into the rest of Europe with his huge army. • Annexed, {incorporated into empire} large amounts of territory

17. Expanding The Empire • Switzerland had puppet gov’t., and Netherlands/parts of Italy annexed. • 3rd coalition against France=Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden. Results=more power. Austerlitz 1805. LARGEST EURO. EMPIRE SINCE ROME

19. Empire • By 1807 he was master of Europe. • 3 kinds of control: • 1). Direct (French Empire) • 2). Controlled by Nap (Dependent Nations) • 3). Allies (under threat) • What might this do to the countries under his control? • Nationalism!

21. Setback • England had somewhat escaped Napoleon’s wrath bc of their navy • Napoleon tries to wipe out their navy but loses at Trafalgar (1805). • Nelson defeats Napoleon again, although is killed. Three outcomes: • 1). UK’s navy superior to all • 2). Nap. Has no control over UK • 3). Leads to decisions of desperation

23. The Demise of the Empire • Divorce to Josephine, married Marie Louise from? Showed? • Napoleon made three HUGE mistakes that weakened his empire. • 1). Continental System: blockade between Britain and Europe. Aimed at destroying U.K./strengthening Europe. • Not tight enough, hurt France’s economy.

24. 2). Peninsular War with Spain cost 300,000 men with guerilla warfare / sense of nationalism Drastically hurts army, loses money and prestige. Mistakes Third of May, 1808 by Goya

25. 3). Invades Russia June 1812. Why? Borodino (Sep. 7) led to Moscow Stays in Moscow 5 weeks waiting Scorched-Earth “Great Retreat” AWOL and deaths Russia

28. All enemies (former “allies”) gang up on France and surround Paris (1814). Napoleon gives up after people suffer. March 1814 he surrenders and is exiled to Elba Fourth Coalition

29. Is given rule over the island (emperor). Bourbon’s restored to French throne (Louis XVIII) Napoleon asked by some to return. Begins the 100 Days Campaign. Elba

30. March to Paris gaining troops (“I have enough”) to Louis XVIII Gathers army together takes offensive. Waterloo 100 Days campaign and Downfall

31. Blucher and Wellington Aftermath of Waterloo

32. Sent to St. Helena off of Africa to make sure he wouldn’t come back. Dies (1821) of stomach cancer trying to maintain legacy. Second Exile

33. Congress of Vienna 1814 Causes: Napoleon Threats to absolutism Enlightenment Growing power of colonies

34. Congress of Vienna 1814The Concert of Europe Effect: Representatives from England, Austria, Prussia, & Russia met in Vienna (Austria)

35. Congress of Vienna 1814 Quadruple Alliance {Rus. Prus. Aus. G.B.} what did they want to accomplish? Objective: • Create balance of power (no country able to threaten other) (Collusion) • Protect the monarchies from losing control/restore monarchies (legitimacy) • France (XVIII), Spain & N. Italy Haps., etc. • Surround France with powerful countries

36. Congress of Vienna 1814 Result: • France lost all land gained by Napoleon • Louis XVIII was named King of France • Challenged briefly by Napoleon • Maintained control after Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo • Russia took over Finland and Poland • Norway and Sweden were combined • Prussia & Austria took control of the German states • Prussia, Austria, & German states form a German Confederation • Britain controlled the seas • PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION!

40. Conclusion • Significant border change, however a move back to Conservatism. • Is it possible to shove revolutionary ideas back into the box? For how long?